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Education as a design practice and a design science
1. Dr. Yishay Mor | Learning Design Technology Research | yish@yishaymor.org +972-52-6514574 http://yishaymor.org http://tiny.cc/dskt-ym
Education as a design
practice and a design science
Dr. Yishay Mor,
Designing for situated knowledge transformation,
Kolding, January 13th 2020
2. Dr. Yishay Mor | Learning Design Technology Research | yish@yishaymor.org +972-52-6514574 http://yishaymor.org http://tiny.cc/dskt-ym
The paradox of education is precisely this - that as one
begins to become conscious one begins to examine the
society in which he is being educated. The purpose of
education, finally, is to create in a person the ability to look
at the world for himself, to make his own decisions, to say to
himself this is black or this is white, to decide for himself
whether there is a God in heaven or not.
2
To ask questions of the universe, and then learn to live with those
questions, is the way he achieves his own identity. But no society is really
anxious to have that kind of person around. What societies really, ideally,
want is a citizenry which will simply obey the rules of society. If a society
succeeds in this, that society is about to perish.
- James Baldwin, "A Talk to Teachers" speech, 1963
3. Dr. Yishay Mor | Learning Design Technology Research | yish@yishaymor.org +972-52-6514574 http://yishaymor.org http://tiny.cc/dskt-ym
4. Dr. Yishay Mor | Learning Design Technology Research | yish@yishaymor.org +972-52-6514574 http://yishaymor.org http://tiny.cc/dskt-ym
xkcd.com/1657
5. Dr. Yishay Mor | Learning Design Technology Research | yish@yishaymor.org +972-52-6514574 http://yishaymor.org http://tiny.cc/dskt-ym
xkcd.com/1657
6. Dr. Yishay Mor | Learning Design Technology Research | yish@yishaymor.org +972-52-6514574 http://yishaymor.org http://tiny.cc/dskt-ym
“The whole function of the brain is summed up in: error
correction.”
W. Ross Ashby, in Clark, A. (2013). Whatever next? Predictive brains, situated agents, and the future of cognitive science.
Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 36, 181-204
https://www.frontiersin.org/research-topics/1031/forethought-as-an-evolutionary-doorway-to-emotions-and-consciousness
Brain by holdentrils
Tiger by Gerhard Gellinger
P(survival, reproduction)
7. Dr. Yishay Mor | Learning Design Technology Research | yish@yishaymor.org +972-52-6514574 http://yishaymor.org http://tiny.cc/dskt-ym
Hierarchical predictive coding (Clark, 2013)
I
I
I
I
?
?
P
P
P
P
p
p
Perception
Error
Prediction
Error
8. Dr. Yishay Mor | Learning Design Technology Research | yish@yishaymor.org +972-52-6514574 http://yishaymor.org http://tiny.cc/dskt-ym
Circle
Ball
Football
Football game
Pass
Projectile
Intercept
P(survival, reproduction | circle)
P(goal | intercept)
Model
Context
Image by bottomlayercz0
10. Dr. Yishay Mor | Learning Design Technology Research | yish@yishaymor.org +972-52-6514574 http://yishaymor.org http://tiny.cc/dskt-ym
Situated agents (Clark 2013) :
“perception and action working in productive
tandem to reduce surprisal”
I
I
I
I
?
?
A
A
a
a
P
P
P
P
p
p
P
P
P
P
p
p
p
p
p
p
11. Dr. Yishay Mor | Learning Design Technology Research | yish@yishaymor.org +972-52-6514574 http://yishaymor.org http://tiny.cc/dskt-ym
practice :=
A recognisable
pattern of action
expected to achieve
desired results
in a familiar situation (context).
12. Dr. Yishay Mor | Learning Design Technology Research | yish@yishaymor.org +972-52-6514574 http://yishaymor.org http://tiny.cc/dskt-ym
Why do we need practices?
Computational complexity.
Problem solving is exponential, pattern matching is linear.
13. Dr. Yishay Mor | Learning Design Technology Research | yish@yishaymor.org +972-52-6514574 http://yishaymor.org http://tiny.cc/dskt-ym
Pr
Systems of practices
Pr
Pr
Pr
Pr
Pr
Pr
Pr
Pr
Pr
Pr
Pr
Pr
praqtal.levinsky.ac.ilCh. 4
14. Dr. Yishay Mor | Learning Design Technology Research | yish@yishaymor.org +972-52-6514574 http://yishaymor.org http://tiny.cc/dskt-ym
by Karen Arnold
A recognisable
pattern of action
expected to
achieve
desired results
in a familiar
situation
(context).
15. Dr. Yishay Mor | Learning Design Technology Research | yish@yishaymor.org +972-52-6514574 http://yishaymor.org http://tiny.cc/dskt-ym
by Karen Arnold
Hybridisation
16. Dr. Yishay Mor | Learning Design Technology Research | yish@yishaymor.org +972-52-6514574 http://yishaymor.org http://tiny.cc/dskt-ym
Hybrid realities
17. Dr. Yishay Mor | Learning Design Technology Research | yish@yishaymor.org +972-52-6514574 http://yishaymor.org http://tiny.cc/dskt-ym
How do you do your...
● Work
● Shopping
● Dating
● Travel
● Leisure
● Education
Unplugged Online Hybrid
18. Dr. Yishay Mor | Learning Design Technology Research | yish@yishaymor.org +972-52-6514574 http://yishaymor.org http://tiny.cc/dskt-ym
Hybrid education :=
Erosion of boundaries between the spaces of education:
● on/off line/onsite
● mobile/static/situated
● in/formal
● teacher/learner
● work/study/leisure
Criticality (Friere), inquiry (Dewey), playfulness (Papert)
19. Dr. Yishay Mor | Learning Design Technology Research | yish@yishaymor.org +972-52-6514574 http://yishaymor.org http://tiny.cc/dskt-ym
by Karen Arnold
Hybridisation
20. Dr. Yishay Mor | Learning Design Technology Research | yish@yishaymor.org +972-52-6514574 http://yishaymor.org http://tiny.cc/dskt-ym
Educationas
designpractice
&designsciencedesign
design?
21. Dr. Yishay Mor | Learning Design Technology Research | yish@yishaymor.org +972-52-6514574 http://yishaymor.org http://tiny.cc/dskt-ym
Let’s talk about Design…
21
Herbert Simon
Everyone designs who devises courses of action aimed at
changing existing situations into preferred ones.
The more objects are turned into things – that is,
the more matters of facts are turned into matters of
concern – the more they are rendered into objects
of design through and through.
Bruno Latour
Reflective conversation with the materials of the situation
Donald Schön
22. Dr. Yishay Mor | Learning Design Technology Research | yish@yishaymor.org +972-52-6514574 http://yishaymor.org http://tiny.cc/dskt-ym
changing
existing
situations
into preferred
ones.
matters of
facts are
turned into
matters of
concern
Reflective
conversation
with the
materials of
the situation
23. Dr. Yishay Mor | Learning Design Technology Research | yish@yishaymor.org +972-52-6514574 http://yishaymor.org http://tiny.cc/dskt-ym
Latour’s 5 advantages of design
1. Humility, modesty
2. Attentiveness to detail
3. Creating meaning
4. Always redesign
5. Ethical dimension
Latour, B. (2008). A Cautious Prometheus? A Few Steps Toward a Philosophy of Design (with Special
Attention to Peter Sloterdijk). In J. G. Fiona Hackne & V. Minto (eds.), Proceedings of the 2008 Annual
International Conference of the Design History Society http://www.bruno-latour.fr/node/69
24. Dr. Yishay Mor | Learning Design Technology Research | yish@yishaymor.org +972-52-6514574 http://yishaymor.org http://tiny.cc/dskt-ym
Simon, Schön and others
Holmberg, J. (2014). Studying the process of educational design – revisiting Schön and making a case for
reflective design-based research on teachers’ ‘conversations with situations’. Technology, Pedagogy and
Education, 23, 293-310.
Value-driven
Change-
oriented
Complex challenges
(“wicked problems”)
Representation
sensitive
Iterative
Inquisitive Empathic
25. Dr. Yishay Mor | Learning Design Technology Research | yish@yishaymor.org +972-52-6514574 http://yishaymor.org http://tiny.cc/dskt-ym
SO, Learning Design..
• Yes, it’s actually design for learning, but..
• If education is about “creating the conditions for the learner to learn”
(Laurillard), then education **is** learning design.
• A shift of practice
26. Dr. Yishay Mor | Learning Design Technology Research | yish@yishaymor.org +972-52-6514574 http://yishaymor.org http://tiny.cc/dskt-ym
The 5 questions of learning design
• Who are you designing for?
• Where are they now?
• Where do you/they want to get them to?
• How will you know you got there?
• What is the path that would take them there?
27. Dr. Yishay Mor | Learning Design Technology Research | yish@yishaymor.org +972-52-6514574 http://yishaymor.org http://tiny.cc/dskt-ym
Context, Practice, Design
by Karen Arnold
Practice := desire + context + pattern of action
28. Dr. Yishay Mor | Learning Design Technology Research | yish@yishaymor.org +972-52-6514574 http://yishaymor.org http://tiny.cc/dskt-ym
Context, Practice, Design
Practice := objective + context + pattern of action
Context
P o AO
D
A
Context*
P o AO
A
Context*
P o A*O*
A
D
A*
37. Dr. Yishay Mor | Learning Design Technology Research | yish@yishaymor.org +972-52-6514574 http://yishaymor.org http://tiny.cc/dskt-ym
Practices as dynamical (complex) systems
38. Dr. Yishay Mor | Learning Design Technology Research | yish@yishaymor.org +972-52-6514574 http://yishaymor.org http://tiny.cc/dskt-ym
Back
to
design
39. Dr. Yishay Mor | Learning Design Technology Research | yish@yishaymor.org +972-52-6514574 http://yishaymor.org http://tiny.cc/dskt-ym
Value-driven
Change-
oriented
Complex challenges
(“wicked problems”)
Representation
sensitive
Iterative
Inquisitive
40. Dr. Yishay Mor | Learning Design Technology Research | yish@yishaymor.org +972-52-6514574 http://yishaymor.org http://tiny.cc/dskt-ym
Value-driven
Change-
oriented
Complex challenges
(“wicked problems”)
Representation
sensitive
Iterative
Inquisitive
41. Dr. Yishay Mor | Learning Design Technology Research | yish@yishaymor.org +972-52-6514574 http://yishaymor.org http://tiny.cc/dskt-ym
Inquisitive
42. Dr. Yishay Mor | Learning Design Technology Research | yish@yishaymor.org +972-52-6514574 http://yishaymor.org http://tiny.cc/dskt-ym
Inquisitive
43. Dr. Yishay Mor | Learning Design Technology Research | yish@yishaymor.org +972-52-6514574 http://yishaymor.org http://tiny.cc/dskt-ym
Design as
Inquiry
Reflective
Practitioner
Design
Science
Practice-based design
research
44. Dr. Yishay Mor | Learning Design Technology Research | yish@yishaymor.org +972-52-6514574 http://yishaymor.org http://tiny.cc/dskt-ym
The
Learning
Design
Studio
yishaymor
.org/lds
44
(compare to ch.9, practice
based design research)
45. Dr. Yishay Mor | Learning Design Technology Research | yish@yishaymor.org +972-52-6514574 http://yishaymor.org http://tiny.cc/dskt-ym
The paradox of education is precisely this - that as one
begins to become conscious one begins to examine the
society in which he is being educated. The purpose of
education, finally, is to create in a person the ability to look
at the world for himself, to make his own decisions, to say to
himself this is black or this is white, to decide for himself
whether there is a God in heaven or not.
45
To ask questions of the universe, and then learn to live with those
questions, is the way he achieves his own identity. But no society is really
anxious to have that kind of person around. What societies really, ideally,
want is a citizenry which will simply obey the rules of society. If a society
succeeds in this, that society is about to perish.
- James Baldwin, "A Talk to Teachers" speech, 1963
46. Dr. Yishay Mor | Learning Design Technology Research | yish@yishaymor.org +972-52-6514574 http://yishaymor.org http://tiny.cc/dskt-ym
The purpose of education is…
To encourage, enable and support learners to develop their ability to
construct knowledge.
Self-efficacy Curiosity Grit Integrity
Epistemic Practices Pedagogical Practices
47. Dr. Yishay Mor | Learning Design Technology Research | yish@yishaymor.org +972-52-6514574 http://yishaymor.org http://tiny.cc/dskt-ym
Epistemic practices: practices for
constructing knowledge
Pedagogical practices: practices
for supporting others in
constructing knowledge
48. Dr. Yishay Mor | Learning Design Technology Research | yish@yishaymor.org +972-52-6514574 http://yishaymor.org http://tiny.cc/dskt-ym
Knowledge
Types – (ch. 2)
Propositional knowledge
Procedurally realized routines
Practical knowledge
Experiential knowledge
Episodic knowledge
How is it…
Formulated?
Represented?
Constructed?
Validated?
Endowed?
And what about?
Design knowledge
Epistemic (meta)
knowledge
49. Dr. Yishay Mor | Learning Design Technology Research | yish@yishaymor.org +972-52-6514574 http://yishaymor.org http://tiny.cc/dskt-ym
Enter Signature Pedagogies
Erik Erikson once observed that if you wish to understand a culture, study
it’s nurseries.
[…]If you wish to understand how professions develop as they do, study their
nurseries.
Signature Pedagogies [..] are the types of teaching that organize the
fundamental ways in which future practitioners are educated for their
profession. [..] novices are instructed in critical aspects of the three
fundamental dimensions of professional work: to think, to perform, and to
act with integrity.
Shulman, L. S. (2005). Signature pedagogies in the professions. Daedalus, 134, 52-59.
50. Dr. Yishay Mor | Learning Design Technology Research | yish@yishaymor.org +972-52-6514574 http://yishaymor.org http://tiny.cc/dskt-ym
Enter Signature Pedagogies
Erik Erikson once observed that if you wish to understand a culture, study it’s nurseries.
[…]If you wish to understand how professions develop as they do, study their nurseries.
Signature Pedagogies [..] are the types of teaching that organize the fundamental ways in which future
practitioners are educated for their profession. [..] novices are instructed in critical aspects of the three
fundamental dimensions of professional work: to think, to perform, and to act with integrity.
Shulman, L. S. (2005). Signature pedagogies in the professions. Daedalus, 134, 52-59.
A system of pedagogical (and implicit epistemic)
practices in a well-defined context.
51. Dr. Yishay Mor | Learning Design Technology Research | yish@yishaymor.org +972-52-6514574 http://yishaymor.org http://tiny.cc/dskt-ym
Anatomy of a signature pedagogy
A Signature Pedagogy has three dimensions. [..]
■ A Surface Structure, [..] concrete, operational acts of teaching. [..]
■ A Deep Structure, a set of assumptions about how best to impart a
certain body of knowledge and know-how. [..]
■ An Implicit Structure, a set of beliefs about professional attitudes, values
and dispositions.
Shulman, L. S. (2005). Signature pedagogies in the professions. Daedalus, 134, 52-59.
52. Dr. Yishay Mor | Learning Design Technology Research | yish@yishaymor.org +972-52-6514574 http://yishaymor.org http://tiny.cc/dskt-ym
A grammar for signature pedagogies
Surface structure Deep structure Implicit structure
Pedagogical Practices Pedagogical Principles
Pedagogical Values &
beliefs
Epistemic Practices Epistemic Principles
Epistemic Values &
beliefs
Why?What?How?
Vision & ValuesDesign PrincplesDesign Patterns
53. Dr. Yishay Mor | Learning Design Technology Research | yish@yishaymor.org +972-52-6514574 http://yishaymor.org http://tiny.cc/dskt-ym
A grammar for signature pedagogies (2)
■ Vision statements: aspirational statements. this is how we want to world
to be.
■ Value statements: normative propositions.
■ Design Principles: imperative propositions derived from the vision and
values.
■ Design Patterns: operational structures. a recurring problem in a defined
context and a validated method of addressing it.
54. Dr. Yishay Mor | Learning Design Technology Research | yish@yishaymor.org +972-52-6514574 http://yishaymor.org http://tiny.cc/dskt-ym
Design patterns
Each pattern describes a problem that occurs over and
over again in our environment, and then describes the
core of the solution to that problem, in such a way that
you can use this solution a million times over, without
ever doing it the same way twice.
— Christopher Alexander
Context
Problem Solution
● A three-part rule
● A “thing in the world” and the proce
to create that thing
55. Dr. Yishay Mor | Learning Design Technology Research | yish@yishaymor.org +972-52-6514574 http://yishaymor.org http://tiny.cc/dskt-ym
56. Dr. Yishay Mor | Learning Design Technology Research | yish@yishaymor.org +972-52-6514574 http://yishaymor.org http://tiny.cc/dskt-ym
57. Dr. Yishay Mor | Learning Design Technology Research | yish@yishaymor.org +972-52-6514574 http://yishaymor.org http://tiny.cc/dskt-ym
Participatory Pattern Workshops
58. Dr. Yishay Mor | Learning Design Technology Research | yish@yishaymor.org +972-52-6514574 http://yishaymor.org http://tiny.cc/dskt-ym
59. Dr. Yishay Mor | Learning Design Technology Research | yish@yishaymor.org +972-52-6514574 http://yishaymor.org http://tiny.cc/dskt-ym
Eduplop.org
twitter.com/yishaym/status/798631323703201792
59
60. Dr. Yishay Mor | Learning Design Technology Research | yish@yishaymor.org +972-52-6514574 http://yishaymor.org http://tiny.cc/dskt-ym
Köppe, C., Nørgård, R. T. & Pedersen, A. Y. (2017). Towards a Pattern Language for Hybrid Education. Proceedings of
the Vikingplop 2017 Conference
61. Dr. Yishay Mor | Learning Design Technology Research | yish@yishaymor.org +972-52-6514574 http://yishaymor.org http://tiny.cc/dskt-ym
Canals & Mor (under review),
Design Principles for Task-
Based Computer-Assisted
Language Learning,
Language Learning &
Technology
62. Dr. Yishay Mor | Learning Design Technology Research | yish@yishaymor.org +972-52-6514574 http://yishaymor.org http://tiny.cc/dskt-ym
Watch this space..
■ Köppe, C., Nørgård, R. T. & Pedersen, A. Y. (2017). Towards a Pattern
Language for Hybrid Education. Proceedings of the Vikingplop 2017
Conference
■ Canals & Mor (under review), Design Principles for Task-Based
Computer-Assisted Language Learning, Language Learning & Technology
■ Nørgård, R. T., Toft-Nielsen, C. & Whitton, N. (2017). Playful learning in
higher education: developing a signature pedagogy. International
Journal of Play, 6, 272-282.
63. Dr. Yishay Mor | Learning Design Technology Research | yish@yishaymor.org +972-52-6514574 http://yishaymor.org http://tiny.cc/dskt-ym
Design
PracticeInquiry
Data
64. Dr. Yishay Mor | Learning Design Technology Research | yish@yishaymor.org +972-52-6514574 http://yishaymor.org http://tiny.cc/dskt-ym
65. Dr. Yishay Mor | Learning Design Technology Research | yish@yishaymor.org +972-52-6514574 http://yishaymor.org http://tiny.cc/dskt-ym
66. Dr. Yishay Mor | Learning Design Technology Research | yish@yishaymor.org +972-52-6514574 http://yishaymor.org http://tiny.cc/dskt-ym
So….
67. Dr. Yishay Mor | Learning Design Technology Research | yish@yishaymor.org +972-52-6514574 http://yishaymor.org http://tiny.cc/dskt-ym
So….
■ Predictive coding
■ Practices
○ Hybridity
○ Dynamical systems
■ Design
■ Inquiry
○ Learning Design Studio / SNaP!
■ Signature pedagogies
■ Data
68. Dr. Yishay Mor | Learning Design Technology Research | yish@yishaymor.org +972-52-6514574 http://yishaymor.org http://tiny.cc/dskt-ym
Thank you!
Yishay Mor
yish@yishaymor.org
http://yishaymor.org