This presentation was given by William D. Sunderlin at "REDD+ Emerging? What we can learn from subnational initiatives", a CIFOR Official Side Event at COP 20 in Lima, Peru on Friday, 5 December.

1. Presentation of key
findings of CIFOR
case book on REDD+
subnational initiatives
William D. Sunderlin
CIFOR Official Side Event:
“REDD+ emerging?: What we can learn
from subnational initiatives”
Friday December 5, 2014
COP 20, Lima, Peru

2. Background
 CIFOR’s Global Comparative Study
on REDD+
 Module 2 on subnational initiatives
 Aim: Know what works and does not
in setting up REDD+ initiatives
 Criteria: effectiveness, efficiency,
equity, wellbeing, rights, biodiversity
(3E+)
 Surveys of households, villages,
women, proponents, other
stakeholders
 Remote sensing
Brazil nut concession trail, Carmen Rosa, Peru.
(Valerie Garrish/CIFOR)

3. Location of subnational initiatives included in the CIFOR GCS study.
PERU BRAZIL
12
TANZANIA
CAMEROON
INDONESIA
VIETNAM
3
7
8
6
4
2
1
5
9
10
11
16
13
14
15
22
19
20
18
17
23
21
BRAZIL
1. Acre
2. Bolsa Floresta
3. Cotriguaç u
4. Jari/Amapá
5. SFX
6. Transamazon
PERU
7. Madre de Dios
8. Ucayali
CAMEROON
9. Mt. Cameroon
10. SE Cameroon
Legend
REDD+ initiatives
TANZANIA
11. Kigoma
12. Zanzibar
13. Kilosa
14. Lindi
15. Mpingo
16. Shinyanga
INDONESIA
17. KFCP
18. Katingan
19. KCCP
20. Rimba Raya
21. TNC within BFCP
22. Ulu Masen
VIETNAM
23. Cat Tien

4. Characterization of sample
• Typically cover 650 to 6,500 km2
• 17 tropical wet and 6 dry climate zone
• 13 private nonprofit, 4 private for-profit, 4 public sector, 2
mixed private-public
• To date mostly rely on public sector funding
• 17 operate at project scale and 6 jurisdictional
• Many engaged in conservation at site prior to REDD+
• 18 continuing of which 15 as REDD+
• 5 have ceased to operate

5. Information in case
chapters
 Basic facts: where, who, why,
when
 Strategy of the proponent
including interventions
 Smallholders and villages,
including information on
livelihoods, forest dependence
and deforestation
 Challenges experienced by
proponents in meeting goals
 Insights or lessons offered by
the initiative
Small-scale farmers in Mato Grosso being interviewed by the
Brazilian news station, Rede Globo, about their agroforestry
production. (Icaro Cooke Vieira/CIFOR)

6. CIFOR scientist Amy Duchelle and consultant Kaline Rossi visit an açai nursery in Acre, Brazil.
(Kate Evans/CIFOR)
Finances
 Original core concept of REDD+: performance-based incentives
funded by an international market for carbon offsets
 Most planned to sell carbon credits but to date only 4 have
 Most funding from bilateral and other public sources
 Less than half have made conditional payments
 Most emphasize non-conditional livelihood enhancements

7. Tenure
 Tenure in initiatives must be clarified to:
• Identify right holder & responsibility bearer
• Shield participants against resource rush
• Provide incentives for forest conservation
• Enable effective rights of exclusion
• Avoid conflicting land use at landscape scale
 Tenure insecurity is pervasive in tropical forests
 Proponents rate tenure as their no. 1 challenge
 Proponents are engaged in earnest efforts to lay an
appropriate tenure foundation for REDD+ but are
encountering grave obstacles and have a long way to go

8. Men and women in a study village remove the thorny outer layer of rattan vines as part ofrattan processing. They are crafted into baskets, bags and mats,
or sold as semi processed rattan. (Nugroho Adi Utomo/CIFOR)
Scale
• Six jurisdictional initiatives
• Jurisdictional approach facilitates work across sectors, but
inhibited by interests embedded in public agencies
• Necessary to embed climate change mitigation actions in laws,
regulations, and institutions of the state to ensure continuity
in the face of electoral uncertainty

9. MRV  MRV capabilities highly
uneven across countries,
initiatives, and emissions
sources
 Slow progress on
monitoring small-scale
mosaic deforestation and
degradation that are
ubiquitous throughout
tropical forests
 Diversity of emission
sources across the 23
sites clearly points to the
importance of locally
tailored MRV systems Coffee production at Boa Frente

10. Safeguards
 Smallholders at the sites largely dependent on agriculture
 About 40% of households have cleared forest in prior 2 years
 Livelihoods potentially at risk from REDD+ interventions
 Results show local stakeholders clearly concerned about this
 Many proponents offering sustainable agriculture as alternative
but this is difficult to do efficiently and equitably

11. Main insights
• Prospects of significant funding encouraged proponents to pilot
many different versions and visions of REDD+
• But core concept of performance-based incentives proved difficult
to implement without secure long-term funding
• Once the enabling conditions are right, REDD+ as originally
conceived could emerge. Among the enabling conditions are:
• International climate agreement
• Funding for carbon and complementary benefits
• Tenure foundation that motivates conservation and protects
against threats
• Embed REDD+ in state institutions and shelter from electoral
politics without entangling in inter-sectoral politics
• Design social safeguards based on detailed understanding of
heterogeneity of local livelihoods

12. We thank our donors!

13. www.cifor.org/redd-case-book

15. Related publications
Cromberg, Marina, Amy E. Duchelle, and Isa de Oliveira Rocha. 2014. Local
participation in REDD+: Lessons from the eastern Brazilian Amazon. Forests
5:579-598.
Dokken, Therese, Susan Caplow, Arild Angelsen, and William D. Sunderlin. 2014.
Tenure Issues in REDD+ Pilot Project Sites in Tanzania. Forests 5(2):234-255;
doi:10.3390/f5020234
Duchelle, Amy E., Marina Cromberg, Maria Fernanda Gebara, Raissa Guerra, Tadeu
Melo, Anne Larson, Peter Cronkleton, Jan Börner, Erin Sills, Sven Wunder,
Simone Bauch, Peter May, Galia Selaya, William D. Sunderlin. 2014. Linking
Forest Tenure Reform, Environmental Compliance, and Incentives: Lessons from
REDD+ Initiatives in the Brazilian Amazon. World Development 55, 53-
67; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2013.01.014
Jagger, Pamela, Maria Brockhaus, Amy E. Duchelle, Maria Fernanda Gebara,
Kathleen Lawlor, Ida Aju Pradnja Resosudarmo and William D. Sunderlin. 2014.
Multi-Level Policy Dialogues, Processes, and Actions: Challenges and
Opportunities for National REDD+ Safeguards Measurement, Reporting, and
Verification (MRV). Forests 5(9), 2136-2162; doi:10.3390/f5092136

16. Related publications
Resosudarmo, Ida Aju Pradnja, Stibniati S. Atmadja, Andini Desita Ekaputri, Dian Y.
Intarini, Yayan Indriatmoko, and Pangestuti Astri. 2014. Does Tenure Security
Lead to REDD+ Project Effectiveness? Reflections from Five Emerging Sites in
Indonesia. World Development 55, 68-83;
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2013.01.015
Sunderlin, William D. 2014. Why Tenure is Key to Fulfilling Climate and Ethical
Goals in REDD+. REDD+ Safeguard Brief 3. Bogor, Indonesia: Center for
International Forestry Research.
Sunderlin, William D., Anne Larson, Amy E. Duchelle, Ida Aju Pradnja
Resosudarmo, Thu Ba Huynh, Abdon Awono, and Therese Dokken. 2014. How
are REDD+ proponents addressing tenure problems? Evidence from Brazil,
Cameroon, Tanzania, Indonesia, and Vietnam. World Development 55, 37-52,
2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2013.01.013
Sunderlin, William D., Andini Desita Ekaputri, Erin O. Sills, Amy E. Duchelle,
Demetrius L. Kweka , Rachael Diprose, Nike Doggart, Steve Ball, Rebeca Lima,
Adrian Enright, JorgeTorres, Herlina Hartanto, and Angélica Toniolo. 2014. The
challenge of establishing REDD+ on the ground: Insights from 23 subnational
initiatives in six countries. Occasional Paper 104. Bogor, Indonesia: Center for
International Forestry Research.