4. Lower Aspect Inferior vena cava
Esophagus
Aorta
Rt. crus
Lt. crus
Central
tendon
Dr. Sherif Fahmy
5. DIAPHRAGMDIAPHRAGM
It is developed from the following structures.It is developed from the following structures.
1-1- Septum transversum:Septum transversum: It lies firstly infront the neckIt lies firstly infront the neck
and forms central tendon.and forms central tendon.
2-2- Cervical myotomes (C3,4,5):Cervical myotomes (C3,4,5): Forms the muscularForms the muscular
part around the central tendon and supplied bypart around the central tendon and supplied by
phrenic nervephrenic nerve..
3-3- Pleuro-peritoneal membrane:Pleuro-peritoneal membrane: forms the postero-forms the postero-
lateral parts of the diaphragm.lateral parts of the diaphragm.
4-4- Meso-esophagus:Meso-esophagus: forms the median posteriorforms the median posterior
part.part.
5-5- Mesoderm of thoracic wall:Mesoderm of thoracic wall: forms the peripheryforms the periphery
of diaphragm.of diaphragm.
6-6- Mesoderm around aorta:Mesoderm around aorta: forms the crura.forms the crura.
Dr. Sherif Fahmy
9. CONGENITAL ANOMALIES
• 1- Congenital Hernia of Bochdalek: due to
failure of formation of pleuro-peritoneal
membrane.
• 2- Esophageal (Hiatus) Hernia: due to wide
esophageal opening or short esophagus.
• 3- Parasternal hernia (of Morgagni): wide gap
between sternal and costal origin of
diaphragm.
Dr. Sherif Fahmy
14. A- Neurocranium (Brain box)
Is divided into:
I- Cartilagenous neurocranium
which forms skull base.
2- Membranous neurocranium
which skull cap.
Dr. Sherif Fahmy
27. Stages of Vertebral Column
Development
1- First stage: represented by notochord.
2- Second stage: Sclerotomes surround the
notochord. Formation of vertebral body from
upper ½ of one sclerotome and lower ½ of the
previous one.
3- Third stage: Transformation of
mesenchymal bodies into cartilage.
4- Fourth stage: Ossification of vertebral
bodies. Dr. Sherif Fahmy
34. Steps of vertebral formation:
Formation of centrum:
It is formed by fusion of sclerotomes of both
sides.
Formation of processes:
1- Dorsal process: forms lamina and spine.
2- Lateral process: forms transverse process.
3- Costal process: forms:
- Anterior boundary of foramen transversium in
cervical vertebra.
- Ribs in thoracic region.
-Fuse with transverse process in lumbar vertebra.
-Forms anterior part of lateral mass of sacrum.
Dr. Sherif Fahmy
37. Development of Limbs
• Limb buds appear at the end of 4th
week as outpoketing from ventro-
lateral aspect of body.
• Each bud is composed of a core of
mesoderm which is covered by
ectoderm.
• At 7th
week, upper limb rotates 90
degree laterally while lower limb
rotates 90 degree medially.
44. Anomalies of Limbs
• Amelia: Absence of a limb.
• Phocomelia: Hand or foot are attached
to the body.
• Polydactyly: Presence of extra-finger.
• Syndactyly: Fusion between 2 fingers.
Dr. Sherif Fahmy
