5. There are three modes of communication:
1. Modes of communication
Narrative mode
Descriptive mode
Expository mode
6. 1. Narrative mode: this is used to establish a
connection with the recipient, and consists of affective
communication.
Characteristics and freedoms of the narrative mode:
it is of a particular and subjective nature. The speaker
may narrate something personally experienced or
witnessed, or events heard from other sources.
Sequence: the narrative mode may start at the
beginning, middle or end.
1. Modes of communication
7. 2. Descriptive mode: this is used to transmit images to the recipient.
It can be used in analytical or literary texts.
2.1 Literary description: this is imprecise, and is constructed on the
basis of literary themes.
2.2 Technical description: this is ordered and reliable. It should be
objective, accurate, impartial and ordered.
2.3 Types of description:
2.3.1 Static description: this is unchanging, its characteristics
do not vary: a place, a thing or a person.
2.3.2 Dynamic description: this is variable. It is usually based
on verbs of action.
1. Modes of communication
8. 3. Expository mode: this is used to convey a
message that the recipient is intended to reflect
upon and analyse.
3.1 Characteristics: clarity, conciseness,
precision, objectivity, accuracy, correct use of
language.
1. Modes of communication
10. Oratory:
Oratory refers to the art of speaking eloquently.
Greece
A compulsory subject of study
for citizens.
Speaking at the Agora.
The present day.
Oratory is compulsory at many prestigious universities
(Harvard, etc.).
2. The components of oral discourse
11. Oratory
Poor communication has a negative effect on the
interlocutor and precludes achievement of the desired
objectives. Hence the importance of mastering oratory, in
order to communicate properly, convince others and
project a positive image.
12. Who listens to my message and why?
Capture the audience's interest and attention to engage
them in the subject.
Understand your audience
Correct use of language
Number of attendees
Proximity
Feedback
13. The structure of a speech
A speech can be divided into three sections of equal
importance but lasting different amounts of time
Introduction (1/10)
Body (8/10)
Conclusion (1/10)
14. Oral discourse
The ability to deliver a good speech depends on control
of the following aspects:
Speed and articulation
Rhythms and silences
Volume
Fillers
15. Fear of speaking in public
In our professional lives we have to speak in public,
deliver speeches, attend meetings, and manage
relationships with other professionals and subordinates.
Fear is a perception that triggers an emotion that
generates a reaction.
Fear is necessary, it keeps us in touch with reality and
allows us to survive in adverse situations.
Fear vs respect
16. Fear of speaking in public
Giving a speech
Asking questions at a conference
Expressing an opinion in a discussion
Being afraid of speaking in public is normal.
17. Fear of speaking in public:
Fear of appearing at a disadvantage (I'll say something
stupid).
Negative assessment of the situation (speaking in
public is horrible).
Negative assessment of oneself (I'll never be able to do
this).
Negative assessment of one's performance (I'm doing
this really badly).
The public is not our enemy; they are people who think
that that the speaker will contribute something.
Positive attitude
18. Body language
The main component of communication is not spoken
language (7%) but tone of voice (38%) and body
language (55%).
19. Body language - correct stance or posture
A correct stance is one where the body is centred and
upright, where the body axis coincides with the mass
axis.
Never fidget, move from side to side, stand on tiptoe or
on one leg.
The speaker must stand upright, with his or her head
facing forward and chest facing the public.
20. Body language - where to look
Where the speaker looks is crucial because it determines
his or her connection with the audience.
The speaker's gaze must be frank and direct.
It should be directed at the entire audience.
• Encompassing
• Selective
21. Body language - facial expression
The face expresses emotions and personality.
The recipient should perceive sincerity, humour and
accessibility.
Smiling (never forced) is very important.
22. Body language - gesture
This usually refers to hand movements.
Professional use has been extensively studied (beyond
the scope of this course).
Some tips:
Avoid sudden movements
Do not distract with hands
Never put your hands in your pockets
Avoid excessive gesticulation (a failing of the
Mediterranean world).
23. Voice.
The voice requires care (voice problems in teachers).
• Breathing
• Articulation
• Volume (intensity)
• Projection and clarity
One of the best resources is correct intonation, never flat!
