A presentation from a webinar discussing how to strengthen women's rights in land governance organised by the International Institute for Environment and Development on 2 February, 2016. The online seminar was designed for civil society organisations in low and middle-income countries that want to support communities – and women in particular – whose land rights and livelihoods are affected by agricultural projects. This is an amalgamation of the short introductory presentation by IIED senior researcher Phillippine Sutz, and the main presentations. These were by Helen Dancer, senior lecturer at the University of Brighton, who gave an introduction to gender issues in agricultural investments, based on her research, and Naseku Kisambu, of the Tanzania Women Lawyers Association (TAWLA), who discussed her organisation's work to mainstream gender in village land use planning and village bylaws in Tanzania. More details: http://bit.ly/22iz11U

1. DOCUMENT TITLE 1
Philippine Sutz
2 February 2016Author name
Date
Author name
Date
Partner logo
Partner logo
Partner logo
Philippine Sutz
2 February 2016
Strengthening women’s voices and
participation in land governance:
experiences from Tanzania
Legal Tools
Webinar

2. DOCUMENT TITLE 2
Philippine Sutz
2 February 2016
Context
• LSLAs and commercial agriculture:
increasing pressures on communities’
rights and livelihoods
• Differentiated impacts on men and
women
• Zoom in: experience from Tanzania

3. DOCUMENT TITLE 3
Philippine Sutz
2 February 2016
Introduction by Dr Helen
Dancer
• Impacts of commercial agriculture and
LSLAs on women
• Field research with Emmanuel Sulle on
Sugarcane production in Kilombero District

4. DOCUMENT TITLE 4
Philippine Sutz
2 February 2016
TAWLA’s experience –
Naseku Kisambu
• Lack of voices and participation of
women on land governance issues at
the village level
• Tool developed by TAWLA:
mainstreaming gender in village
bylaws

5. DOCUMENT TITLE 5
Philippine Sutz
2 February 2016
Strengthening women’s rights in land
governance: experiences from
Tanzania
Dr Helen Dancer
University of Brighton
H.Dancer@brighton.ac.uk
IIED ‘Legal Tools’ webinar
2 February 2016 12pm-1.30pm GMT (UK)

6. DOCUMENT TITLE 6
Philippine Sutz
2 February 2016
Swahili saying and words of a canegrowers’
association chairwoman
Kilombero District, Tanzania, April 2014
“Chereko chereko
na mwenye mwana”
(You have to be part of the dance)

7. DOCUMENT TITLE 7
Philippine Sutz
2 February 2016Tanzanian legal and policy context
Increased momentum towards commoditisation
of land for commercial investment and release of
capital through land titling.
National agricultural policy focuses on large-scale
agriculture, especially rice and sugarcane (Kilimo
Kwanza, Southern Agricultural Growth Corridor of
Tanzania (SAGCOT) and ‘Big Results Now’).
Land Act and Village Land Act of 1999 enshrine
women’s equal rights to ‘acquire, hold, use and
deal with land … to the same extent and subject to
the same restriction … as the right of any man’,
and other provisions concerning women’s
participation in land governance.

8. DOCUMENT TITLE 8
Philippine Sutz
2 February 2016
What factors affect women’s participation in
commercial agriculture and local land
governance?
Social and economic factors:
Individual - socio-economic status within household and community.
Household - allocation of land and capital, control over resources and
bargaining power within the family, distribution of family labour and time
use, relations between and within households.
Local context – local norms and laws, customary laws, structures and
institutions, local trends in accumulation of land and other capital, labour
markets and migration.
National context and wider political economy – national laws,
structures and institutions, macro-economic factors.
At the business level:
Local land tenure systems.
Type of agribusiness (plantation, contract farming, block farming).
Crop type.
Gendered division of labour within the business.
Working conditions and contracts (permanent, seasonal, casual).
Link with global value chains.

9. DOCUMENT TITLE 9
Philippine Sutz
2 February 2016
Agribusiness case study: Commercial
sugarcane production in Kilombero, Tanzania
Fieldwork conducted by Helen Dancer and Emmanuel
Sulle in Kilombero District in 2014.
Kilombero Sugar Company Limited is the largest
commercial sugar producer in Tanzania.
The company is situated in Kilombero Valley in the
SAGCOT project area of south-central Tanzania. It was
privatised to Illovo in 1998.
It operates on a nucleus estate-outgrower model for the
production of sugar.
Some villages in the area, including ujamaa (African
socialist villages) have been the subject of pilot land
titling schemes.
Dancer, H. and Sulle, E. (2015) Gender Implications of Agricultural
Commercialisation: The Case of Sugarcane Production in Kilombero
District, Tanzania. FAC Working Paper 118, Brighton, UK: Future
Agricultures Consortium

10. DOCUMENT TITLE 10
Philippine Sutz
2 February 2016Local landholding patterns
8
10
7
5
2
33
5
3
4
1 1
11
5
10
5
1
2
Purchased Inherited Allocated by
village for free
Rented or
borrowed
Settled without
permission
Other
Modes of acquisition of land in Msolwa Ujamaa and
Sanje
village households (n = 60)
Man only Woman only Jointly/Both individually
Source: Dancer and Sulle (2015: 15)
Note: Land acquired jointly includes land which was purchased, rented or borrowed, settled on
without permission or acquired in some other way. Land acquired by both spouses individually
includes land which was inherited or allocated by the village for free.

11. DOCUMENT TITLE 11
Philippine Sutz
2 February 2016
Men and women in the employed
workforce
Within the sugarcane industry, privatisation, mechanisation
and casualisation of the employed labour force has
disproportionately affected women’s employment over time.
Data source: Dancer and Sulle (2015: 20)
1992 figures from Mbilinyi and Semakafu (1995), 2013 figures from KSCL Human Resources.
4008
495
760
110
4861
228
1259
250344
56 117 49
Men 1992 Women 1992 Men 2013 Women 2013
Employment status in the KSCL workforce by gender
in 1992 and 2013
Permanent Seasonal Other non-permanent

12. DOCUMENT TITLE 12
Philippine Sutz
2 February 2016
Participation in
leadership
An individual’s socio-economic status, local norms and values, laws
and working practices all affect levels of participation of women in
leadership roles in commercial agriculture and local institutions.
It is time to change the discourse on participation and enable both
women and men to be part of the dance.

13. DOCUMENT TITLE 13
Philippine Sutz
2 February 2016
Sample literature on gender, land and
agricultural commercialisation
Behrman, J., Meinzen-Dick, R. and Quisumbing, A.R. (2012)
‘The Gender Implications of Large-Scale Land Deals’, Journal
of Peasant Studies, 39(1):49-79
Daley, E. (2011) Gendered Impacts of Commercial Pressures
on Land, Rome, Italy: International Land Coalition
Dancer, H. and Tsikata, D. (2015) Researching Land and
Commercial Agriculture in Sub-Saharan Africa with a Gender
Perspective: Concepts, Issues and Methods. FAC Working
Paper 132, Brighton, UK: Future Agricultures Consortium
Doss, C., Summerfield, G. and Tsikata, D. (2014) ‘Land,
Gender and Food Security’, Feminist Economics, 20(1):1-23
FAO (2011) The State of Food and Agriculture 2010-11.
Women in Agriculture: Closing the Gender Gap for
Development, Rome, Italy: Food and Agriculture Organization
Whitehead, A. (2009) ‘The Gendered Impacts of Liberalization
Policies on African Agricultural Economies and Rural
Livelihoods’, in S. Razavi (ed), The Gendered Impacts of
Liberalization: Towards “Embedded Liberalism”?, New York,
USA: Routledge, pp.37-62

14. Strengthening women’s participation in
governance and administration of Land
through village bylaws
2 February 2016

15. TAWLA’s work towards securing women
participation in Land Governance
 Situation towards access, control and ownership of
land in Tanzania
 Decision making processes in Land governance
(enabling provisions: The Constitution, the Land Acts
no. 4 and 5, the Local Government District Authority
Act no 287, the National Land Policy, International
Human Rights and policies)
 Discriminative and gender blind rules and procedures

16. Village bylaws
Bylaws are rules enacted by an authorized organ to
govern its own procedures.
In Tanzania, this is provided under the Local
Government District Authorities Act of 1983. The
village bylaws are made by the village councils
mandated by s.106 of the LGDAA.
Why TAWLA focused on this…
Establish a gender-equitable and participatory
regulatory framework.

17. Features
1. Gender quotas in leadership
2. Men-to-women rotation of leadership
3. 50% of men and women in the council and
committees:
4. Specific quorum for Village Assembly Meeting
5. Meetings’ quorum should be equally comprised of
men and women

18. The process
TAWLA
prepares
the
principles
Consultation at the
village; women groups,
men,leaders,paralegals
Stakeholders ie
CSO’s,Academia
The
government ;
local/national
The village
Council

19. The process
Approval by
the Village
assembly
Village
Council
The District
Council

20.  Provisions to safeguard women participation in key
decision making processes
 Generate new knowledge and the demand to safeguard
gender in the management and administration of the
village Council
 Participatory buy in from the community members
 Collaboration with the local government
Use and reflections

21. Next steps
 Scaling up
 Advocacy at the National level to adopt the model
bylaw
 Review of other exiting bylaws to mainstream gender

22. THANK YOU!