2. A Brief History
This Region was part of Mauryan Empire, later came
under Kushans (Buddhism)
Various Hindu Dynasties (5th- 14th Century)
Sultanate of Kashmir (14th- 16th Century)
Mughals (1586), Afghans (1751), Sikh (1819)
British installed Dogra Rulers (1846)
3. Partition of India-Pakistan
Maharaja Hari Singh (King of Kashmir)– wanted to stay
neutral
Mohammed Ali Jinnah according to his two nation theory
wanted Kashmir to join Pakistan(since 77% were
muslims)
Maharaja signed a standstill agreement with Dominion of
Pakistan
4. Pakistan invaded Kashmir
A rebel group was formed in the Poonch area due to communal
violence against Muslims
Pakistan supported tribal Pashtun fighters and invaded Kashmir
from North-West Frontier Province on 22nd October ,1947.
Maharaja’s army couldn’t stop this and thus Maharaja asked for
help from India.
This led to the Instrument of Accession signed on 26th October,
1947.
Pakistan didn’t accept it claiming it was signed by an unpopular
ruler and is against the public rule.
5. War of 1947-48
Termed as the India-Pakistan/ Kashmir war.
Indian army were deployed in Kashmir.
Managed to push the attackers, but then winter came.
‘Azad Kashmir’ was formed, supported by Pakistan
6.
7. United Nation’s Role
On January 1948, India asked UN’s help regarding
Kashmir issue
UNCIP(United Nation Commission for India and Pakistan)
Resolution was adopted (Resolution 47) by the UNSC
3 consequential non-binding steps
Pakistan should withdraw all its forces
India should also withdraw its majority force, just
keeping a minimal force to maintain law and order
A plebiscite to ascertain the will of people
8. Circumstances that followed
Pakistan didn’t withdrew its forces and thus its never implemented
The cease fire line of 1948 became the LOC according to the Shimla
Agreement 1972
China occupied ‘Akshai Chin’ in 1962
Pakistan gave the Trans-Karakoram Tract (Shaksgam valley) to
China in 1965
Meanwhile Article 370 was drafted in the Constitution which gave
special allowances to J&K
In 1953 Sheikh Abdullah (PM of Kashmir) was removed and was
jailed for 11 years
In 1974 Indira-Sheikh Accord was formed. And Sheikh Abdullah
became the CM
In 1984 Indian Army took control over the Siachen Glacier, through
operation “Meghdoot”
9. 1990 Militancy
In 1987 a rigged Election took place
This led to Protests, Strikes and Violence.
Pakistan and ISI took advantage and formed 2 Terrorist
organization (J&K Liberation Front, Hizbul Mujaheedin)
Kashmiri Pandits were sent off from the Kashmir valley
on 20th January, 1990
AFSPA (Armed Forced Special Powers Act) in 1990 under
President’s Rule as the government of Kashmir resigned
Elections were held on 2002, 2008, 2014 (where 65%
voted)
10. “If there is a heaven on Earth, it is here, it is here, it is here.”
-Babur (The first Mughal emperor)
