8.4panel tur. u.pacifi

III CONGRESO
INTERNACIONAL DE
ARQUITECTURA Y TURISMO
ACCESIBLE – CIATA
Del 21 al 23 de noviembre, 2018
LA ACCESIBILIDAD UNIVERSAL,
¡NUESTRO DERECHO!
Organizan: REDTAEC – Red de Turismo Accesible Ecuador y la Escuela
de Hospitalidad y Turismo UDLA
Quito, Ecuador - Sudamérica

Del 21 al 23 de noviembre, Quito 2018
#CIATAEcuador
IDENTITY CONSTRUCTION
THROUGH PHYSICAL OTHERNESS
Panel 2: Accessible tourism: perspectives
from academia
Teresa Erice
Campus Dean Quito
Universidad del Pacífico – Ecuador

REDTAEC-UDLA del 21 al 23 de noviembre, Quito 2018 #CIATAEcuador
•I see myself because someone sees me
• Jean Paul Sartre
• The expansion of accessible tourism is framed into a broad context
of changing physical identities.
• The following slides will examine examples of studies addressing the
construction of physical identities through the experience of alterity
or ‘otherness’.
• The aim of this brief presentation is to frame physical otherness into
a broader phenomenon of education in diversity, which also
includes cultural, generational, and gender identities, among
others.
•Alterity: the state of being other or different; diversity,
‘otherness’.
•Oxford English Dictionary

•FACTORS AFFECTING IDENTITY CONSTRUCTION
•1. Experiencing otherness (Alterity). Without the
acknowledgement of otherness, self-awareness is
rendered impossible. Sartre’s words must be understood
in this sense: we need otherness in order to exist; if we
were all the same, we would never form an idea of self or
construct an identity. We would be plants, not human.
•2. Culture is: changing; learnt; symbolic/socially
constructed; inclusive/accumulative.

Studies on the construction of physical identities I
•Western historical models of Physical Otherness (Clapton
& Fitzgerald, 1997):
•The Religious model
•The Medical model
•The Rights-based model
•Conclusion: Much in the same way as cultural identity,
physical identity is changing, dynamic and responds to
broad social circumstances.

Studies on the construction of physical identities II
•Categories of physical otherness in current western
societies (Darling, 2013, in Johnstone et al, 2017):
• Resignation (passivity towards the challenges of physical
otherness)
• Normative typicality (a desire to hide or undermine otherness)
• Personal activism(acceptance or pride of difference with an
orientation to fight for personal rights)
• Affirmative activism (acceptance or pride of difference with an
orientation to change society).
• Affirmative typicality (acceptance of difference with a desire to
live in mainstream environments).

Studies on the construction of physical identities III
•Landmarks in the development of inclusive tourism (Van
Horn & Isola, 2014):
• Social reinsertion of military veterans after the great wars of the 20th
C.
• The fight for rights and Legislation on accessibility – the impact of
NGOs
• Impact of the Paralympic Games
• Proliferation of tourism packages (with a special mention to
cruises)
• Promotion of inclusiveness in government programs.

• When comparing studies on physical alterity with other studies on
diversity and identity construction, some common ground may
be found:
• Example 1: ‘The Other Within’: An anthropology of Englishness’
(Gosden, 2009)
• Pitt Rivers Museum (University of Oxford)
Studies the transformation of English identity during the period of
industrialization and imperial expansion.
• Example 2: Constructing Ancient Landscapes (Erice, 2017)
Explores otherness through contact with historical heritage and
cultural tourism.
In both cases, identity construction is presented as an ongoing process
of change, subject to social and political circumstances. Accepting
the changing nature of identity, opens a wide field for tourism in terms
of offering experiences, which include varied appreciations of
otherness.
Accessible tourism must be understood as part of a broader socio-
cultural context, which embraces diversity in the post-modern world of
the 21st C.

The Other Within: an emerging awareness
Joaquín Sorolla, ‘Triste Herencia’, 1899

Appreciating otherness in our own past (through
cultural tourism), facilitates the acceptance of
diversity in the present (Erice, 2017)
Accessible tourism offers a universal and holistic
approach to diversity, which is not restricted to cultural
diversity. This is achieved through the experience of
otherness.

Thank You
• Benjamin Darling, R. (2013): Disability and Identity: Negotiating Self in a Changing Society,
Boulder: Lynne Rienner.
• Clapton, J. & Fitzgerald, J. (1997): The History of Disability: A History of “Otherness”, New
Renaissance Magazine, 7(1).
• Erice, T. (2017): “La diversidad cultural en el tiempo: una historiografía crítica del proceso de
creación de paisajes antiguos en Asturias, España”, Tsafiqui, 5.
• Gosden, C. (2009): The Other Within: an anthropology of Englishness at the Pitt Rivers Museum:
Full research report, Swindon: ESRC.
• Johnstone, C. et al., (2017): “Disability, Culture, and Identity in India and USA” in S. Halder &
L.C. Assaf (eds.) Inclusion, Disability and Culture, Berlin: Springer, pp. 15-29.
• Sartre, J.P. (2001) [1947]: The Reprieve, Roads to Freedom II, London: Penguin.
• Van Horn, L. & Isola, J.A. (2014): “Toward a Global History of Inclusive Travel”, Review of
Disability Studies, 2(2).
References

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