1) Cellular respiration involves the breakdown of glucose and other food molecules to harvest energy in the form of ATP. 2) The three main stages of cellular respiration are glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and the electron transport chain. 3) Glycolysis breaks down glucose and produces 2 ATP, 2 NADH, and 2 pyruvate molecules. The pyruvate then enters the citric acid cycle. 4) The citric acid cycle further breaks down the pyruvate and produces more ATP, NADH, and FADH2. These electron carriers then enter the electron transport chain. 5) In the electron transport chain, electrons are passed through protein complexes

1. 6H2O + 6CO2 + EnergyC6H12O6 + 6O2
Cellular RespirationCellular Respiration
Harvesting Chemical EnergyHarvesting Chemical Energy

2. Energy:
•Energy for living things comes from food. Originally, the
energy in food comes from the sun.

4. Cells Recycle ATP

5. Adenine Ribose 3 Phosphate groups
Cell Energy:
•Cells usable source of energy is called ATP
•ATP stands for adenosine triphosphate

6. • ADP stands for adenosine diphosphate
Adenine Ribose
2 Phosphate groups

7. •All energy is stored in the bonds of compounds—
breaking the bond releases the energy
•When the cell has energy available it can store this
energy by adding a phosphate group to ADP, producing
ATP

8. • ATP is converted into ADP by breaking the bond between
the second and third phosphate groups and releasing
energy for cellular processes.

9. REDOX Reactions
A chemical reaction in which there is
the transfer of one or more electrons
from one reactant to another. Oxidation
is the loss of electrons and Reduction is
the addition of electrons.
Because the electron transfer requires
a donor and an acceptor, oxidation and
reduction always go together.

10. C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + H2O
oxidation
reduction

11. In general, organic molecules that have
an abundance of H atoms are excellent
food sources because they have
“hilltop” electrons with the potential to
“fall” closer to oxygen.
Glucose loses hydrogen atoms but they
are not passed directly to oxygen. They
are passed to a coenzyme first NAD+
(nicotinamide adenine dinuclotide).
NAD+ serves as the oxidizing agent.

12. Phosphorylation

14. Three Stages of Cellular RespirationThree Stages of Cellular Respiration
Glycolysis
Citric Acid Cycle
Electron Transport

15. GlycolysisGlycolysis
Splits a glucose
molecule into
2 - 3 Carbon
molecules called
PYRUVATEPYRUVATE.
products: 2 ATP, 2 NADH and 2 pyruvate
http://highered.mcgraw-
hill.com/sites/0072507470/student_view0/ch
apter25/animation__how_glycolysis_works.
html
http://highered.mcgraw-
hill.com/sites/0072507470/student_view0/ch
apter25/animation__how_glycolysis_works.
html

16. NAD= Nicotinamide
adenine dinucleotide
FAD= Flavin adenine
dinucleotide

18. Preparation for the Citric Acid CyclePreparation for the Citric Acid Cycle
The pyruvate looses a
carbon leaving the 2
carbon molecule
Acetyl CoA
CC
CO2
products: CO2, Acetyl CoA and NADH

19. CYTOSOL MITOCHONDRION
NAD+
NADH + H+
2
1 3
Pyruvate
Transport protein
CO2
Coenzyme A
Acetyl CoA

20. The Citric Acid CycleThe Citric Acid Cycle
Products:
CO2
ATP,
NADH,
FADH
http://highered.mcgraw-
hill.com/sites/0072507470/student_view
0/chapter25/animation__how_the_kreb
s_cycle_works__quiz_1_.html
http://highered.mcgraw-
hill.com/sites/0072507470/student_view
0/chapter25/animation__how_the_kreb
s_cycle_works__quiz_1_.html

21. Electron TransportElectron Transport
The mitochondria has
two membranes--the
outer one and the inner
membrane which is
convoluted. The H+
which are brought to
mitochondria accumulate
between these two
membranes.

22. matrix
H+
H+
H+
H+
H+
H+
outer membrane
inner membrane
( ATP synthetase)
The matrix is a protein rich solution which contain the
enzymes which run electron transport.
ATP SYNTHETASE is the enzyme which is responsible for
making ATP.
MitochondriaMitochondria
H+
H+NAD
H+

23. The electrons are passed
back and forth across the
membrane where their energy
is gradually decreased and used
to transport H+
through the
membrane. Oxygen is the final
electron acceptor and it joins with
the H+
to produce H2O.
If there is no oxygen, the electron chain cannot continue
because there is no way to release electrons ..
electrons

25. http://www.wiley.com/college/boyer/0470003790/animations
/electron_transport/electron_transport.htm
http://highered.mcgraw-
hill.com/sites/0072507470/student_view0/chapter25/animation__electron_transport_sy
stem_and_formation_of_atp__quiz_1_.html

26. http://highered.mcgraw-
hill.com/sites/0072507470/student_view0/chapter25/ani
mation__electron_transport_system_and_atp_synthesis
__quiz_1_.html

28. Products of the Electron Transport ChainProducts of the Electron Transport Chain
34 ATP
Water
+

29. ONE GLUCOSE MOLECULE PRODUCESONE GLUCOSE MOLECULE PRODUCES 38 ATP38 ATP
Each NADH 3 ATP
Each FADH 2 ATP
•Glycolysis (2 NADH) 6 ATP
•Prep for Citric Acid 6 ATP
•Citric Acid (6 NADH) 18 ATP
• (2 FADH2) 4 ATP
• 34 ATP
•direct 4 ATP
•total 38 ATP

30. glycolysis
NADH carries
electrons to ETC
prep
Krebs Electron
Transport
chain
ATP

32. What happens when there is no oxygenWhat happens when there is no oxygen
to accept the electrons?to accept the electrons?
Only the process of glycolysis is carried out and lactic
acid is produced in the muscles. The body cannot
tolerate much lactic acid and it must eventually be
converted in the liver to pyruvate.
results in muscle soreness

33. Alcoholic FermentationAlcoholic Fermentation
Some organisms carry out alcoholic fermentation. This was
discovered by Louis Pasteur in his study of the chemistry
of wines. Yeasts break down the sugars in the juice to
pyruvate by glycolysis, then the pyruvate is dismantled to
yeild CO2 and ETHANOL. If the fermentation continues
until all the sugar is used, a dry wine is produced. If
fermentation is stopped before all the sugar is used, then
a sweet wine is produced.

37. The breakdown of glucose is
exergonic with a free energy
exchange of –686. This means
that the products store less
energy than the reactants.
Catabolic pathways do not
directly do cellular work but are
linked to work by a chemical
drive shaft: ATP

38. http://www.mhhe.com/biosci/bio
_animations/MH01_CellularRes
piration_Web/index.html