4D-based Teaching of High-rise Structural Principles. S. Kubicki & C. Boton. Presentation at CIBW78W102 Conference in Sophia-Antipolis, France. October 2011.

1. 4D-based Teaching of High-rise
Structural Principles
Sylvain Kubicki & Conrad Boton
Public Research Centre Henri Tudor

2. Agenda
1. Introduction
• A 4D-based project management course
2. Objectives and method
• From pedagogical and research viewpoints
3. Analyses of 4D models
• Students’ works
4. Discussion
• Feedbacks and benefits for pedagogy
• Prospects for research
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3. Introduction

4. Introduction
4D modeling and simulation
• Emerging technology enabling the 3D
simulation of construction planning
Some usages were previously
detected
• Site logistics, detail explanation, civil
engineering works, urban planning...
In pedagogy (Arch. & Eng.)
• Improve construction education experience
by addressing more projects types (Clayton
2002)
• Analyses of construction details
• Many recent pedagogical experiments with
4D (Russel et al. 2009, Kang et al. 2004, Sampaio et al.
2006, Wang et al. 2007)
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5. Pedagogical context
"Architect engineers" and
"construction engineers"
curriculums
• Master 2 level
Project management course
• High-rise structural principles and
construction management
• 4D modeling and simulation
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6. Pedagogical context (2)
The course as an experimental lab
• Two achieved teaching sessions (2009,
2010)
• A third one is ongoing (2011)
Two steps
• Theoretical courses
• Lifts, structural behavior, facade...
• BIM, 4D modeling and simulation
• Students' work
• Analysis of a high-rise building (individual work)
• Detailed analysis and 4D simulation of a building
(team work)
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7. Objectives and
methodogical approach

8. Objectives
Pedagogical aim
• Introducing 4D modeling in architecture and construction
master curriculums
• Discovering new pedagogical usages: “didactic 4D
simulation”
Research objective
• Addressing 4D simulation
• Through a “scenario” approach
• Reality can be modified for simulation aims
• Analyzing visualization parameters
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9. Methodological approach
Assessing the utility of 4D in the teaching of
• High-rise structural principles
• High-rise construction management
Contributing to a larger work about 4D
visualization
• "Designing" 4D views for high-rise construction simulation
• Providing further guidance to 4D users
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10. Methodological approach (2)
Analysis of realized simulations
• 2009 & 2010 sessions
• 7 projects analyzed and simulated
Assessment of usefulness of 4D for:
• Understanding the building structure and construction
process
• Transmitting the message to the pedagogical team
Collect "attributes" of 4D visualizations
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11. 4D models analyses

12. 4D models analyses
4 examples
• Debis Tower, Berlin
• New-York Times Building, New-York
• Caja Madrid Tower
• World Financial Tower, Shanghai
Review of
1. Main findings of the students about structure and
construction processes
2. Characteristics of the 4D visualization proposed
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13. Debis Tower, Berlin
Construction year
• 1997
Designers
• Architects : Renzo Piano
& Christoph Kohlbecker
Figures
• High = 106 m
• 22 stairs
• 45 100 m2
Students
• Loïc Buldgen, Julien Rossomme,
Esma Karadas, Hugues Nganou,
Audrey Boissy
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14. Debis Tower, Berlin
Structural interpretation
Localisation de la tour
“Central core” structure
• chemney, lifts, stairs
Horizontal stability
• Contreventement (concrete
walls)
Primary structure
• Columns
• (Facades not participating in
the primary structure)
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15. Debis Tower, Berlin
Construction planning
Sequencing
• First step is about foundations
• Then for a given stair, central core and columns are built
• once primary structure performed, the slab is casted
• Some time after the facade elements are constructed
A delay between primary structure building and
facade assembly is observed
• Probably due to a difference of speed in construction of both
elements
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16. Debis Tower, Berlin
4D simulation
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17. Debis Tower, Berlin
Visualization parameters
3D model parameters:
Floor type: Standard
Shown elements:
- Central core
- Structure (Columns, slabs)
- Façades
Color semantic:
- Green color (Columns)
- Blue color (Slabs)
- Red color (Central core)
Transparency :
- Full transparency (not started elements)
- Partial transparency (glazing and roofs)
Camera principles: Time view parameters:
- Zoom - Current date is displayed
- Perspective
- Section
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18. New-York Times Building, New-York
Construction Year
• 2004 - 2007
Designer
• Arch. Renzo Piano
Figures
• High = 228 m
• 52 stairs
• 143 639 m2
Students
• Julien Belligoi – John
Schrayen – Bastien
Vandereyken – Tanguy
Wolters
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19. New-York Times Building, New-York
Structural interpretation
Central core
• Steel frame
Mixt slab
• Steel plates (formwork) +
cast concrete
Outriggers
• Placed at two levels: half
building and last stairs
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20. New-York Times Building, New-York
Construction planning
Analysis of building
construction photos
• Steel frame
• Bracing elements
• Slab
• Facade
• Roof
!"#$%&!" !"#$%&!#$"
(#,$-.%+'!"
!"#"$$%&'!"
(")*+%&'!' (#,$-.%+'!#$"
!"$*+%/%$*%0%$*&'!' !"#"$$%&'!#$'
!1+-)#,2"$&'!"
(")*+%&'!#$'
!"$*+%/%$*%0%$*&'!#$'
31*+,4%'!' (,+%5&"#%1#'!'
6'
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21. New-York Times Building, New-York
Simulation strategy
“Didactical” modifications
to the planning
• Solar protection after facade
'()*%&
• Early built stairs !"#$%&!"
+,-.")(+/,-&012"
• Delayed frame “to see the other (#,$-.%+'!" 3
element constructed” 43&
!"#"$$%&'!" 3
Determination of a time 78'9':*,4%' 43&
unit for fixing the (")*+%&'!'
43&
3 43&
(#,$-.%+'!#$"
construction of an !"$*+%/%$*%0%$*&'!' 3 43&
element 456& !1+-)#,2"$&'!"
43&
3
!"#"$$%&'!#$'
• Highlighting sequencing of
elements building 31*+,4%'!' 3 6
47&
(,+%5&"#%1#'!' 3
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22. New-York Times Building, New-York
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23. New-York Times Building, New-York
Visualization parameters
3D model parameters:
Floor type: Not standard
Shown elements:
- Central core
- Steel, columns and beams
- Bracing
- Façade, roof
- Circulation
Color semantic:
- Green color (Ongoing works)
- Red color (Structure elements)
Transparency :
- Full transparency (not started elements)
Camera principles: Time view parameters:
- Zoom - Current date is displayed
- Perspective
- Extended zoom
- Orbit
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24. Caja Madrid Tower
Visualization parameters
3D model parameters:
Floor type: Standard
Shown elements:
- Central core
- Metal structure
- Outrigger
- Glazzing
Color semantic:
- Green color (ongoing works)
- Blue color (Glazing)
- Color scale (bearing capacity)
Transparency:
- Full transparency (not started elements)
- Partial transparency (glazing)
Time view parameters: Camera principles:
- Dates list (current date is highlighted) - Zoom
- Current date is displayed - Extended zoom
- Perspective
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25. World Financial Tower
Visualization parameters
3D model parameters:
Floor type: Standard
Shown elements:
- Central core
- Steel structure
- Concreting
- Bracing
- Outrigger
- Glazzing
Color semantic:
- Red color (ongoing works)
- Yellow color (Structure elements)
- Green color (concreting)
- Blue color (Glazing)
Transparency:
- Full transparency (not started elements)
- Partial transparency (glazing)
Time view parameters: Camera principles:
- Dates list (current date is highlighted) - Zoom
- Current date is displayed - Orbit
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26. Discussion

27. Discussion #1
Pedagogical assessment
About analyses of high-rise buildings
• General lack of (technical) documentation, but for some buildings
it is possible to find many construction photos
• Students have then infer hypotheses (structure principle,
construction sequencing) on the basis of evidences found
• The exercise becomes original compared to other “planning” and
“structure” courses
• Students get easily engaged
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28. Discussion #1
Pedagogical assessment
About 3D modeling
• Ease of use of SketchUp, although some students are not familiar
with 3D modeling
About 4D modeling
• 4D modeling
• Requires a deep understanding of structural principle
• Because it impacts the skeleton of the construction planning (i.e. Work Breakdown
Structure)
• Results in completeness of students analyses
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29. Discussion #2
Towards guidance in 4D visualization (Conrad Boton’s PhD work)
Boton, C., Kubicki, S. and Halin, G. (2010) Collaborative Construction Planning: Towards 4D visualizations adapted to practitioners requirements.
CIB-W78 2010. 27th International Conference on Applications of IT in the AEC Industry. November 16-19, 2010. Cairo, Egypt.
Experiments show that students are confronted with
• 3D choices: Building elements to be modeled, graphical choices for
3D objects, choices in 3D scene visualization
• Planning choices: Planning or dates visualizations
There is a need for providing guidance
• To help them making informed choices
This statement can be extended to professional
needs...
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Bentley ProjectWise Autodesk Navisworks Vico Control Synchro Professional 29

30. Discussion #2
Coordinated multiple views definition
Multiple view systems:
• Use two or more distinct views to support the investigation of a single
conceptual entity (Wang Baldonado & al. 2000)
Coordinated multiple views:
• Operations on the views are coordinated (Roberts 2007)
• The same or different portions of the data can be displayed by
windows and these windows can be tightly coordinated (North & al. 2002)
• interacting with one component causes meaningful effects in others
(North & Shneiderman 2000)
4D views = Coordinated Multiple Views
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31. Discussion #2
4D Coordinated Multiple Views
4D view:
• 3D view + Planning view
3D view:
• depictes building elements
• uses colors system to display those elements
• allows many interaction techniques
Planning view:
• depictes building activities and execution dates
• dates are linked to activities
• can be represented with many visualization modes (GANTT, PERT...)
Views are linked:
• activities are linked to building elements
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32. Discussion #2
Towards a Coordinated Multiple View metamodel
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33. Discussion #2
Conceptual model of suggested 4D multiview
From the analysis of visualization parameters
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34. Towards modular 4D multi-views...
Prospects towards (semi)(automated) 4D views
configuration
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35. Thank you for your attention