A QUALITATIVE APPROACH TO THE CHILDREN S VIEWS TOWARD CHILD LABOUR IN NIGERIA

IBADAN JOURNAL OF CHILD DEVELOPMENT AND EDUCATIONAL FOUNDATIONS
Journal of the Department of Early Childhood and Educational Foundations, University of Ibadan
Vol 1 Number 1, 2020
14
A QUALITATIVE APPROACH TO THE CHILDREN’S VIEWS TOWARD CHILD
LABOUR IN NIGERIA
Enoch Siyanbola Ajayi1 and Temitope Funminiyi EGBEDEYI2
1 Lecturer, Department of Primary Education, Federal College of Education (Spe),
Oyo.
Email: enobolaja6969@gmail.com Phone No: +23436358009
2 Postgraduate Student, Department of Early Childhood and Educational
Foundations, University of Ibadan, Ibadan.
Email: tegbedeyi@yahoo.com Phone: +2348059315761
Abstract
Children in developing countries face lots of challenges such as child abuse, malnutrition,
lack of shelter, poverty as well as child labour. These have turned children into inappropriate
breadwinners, in order to complement the meagre income of their parents or guardians.
Researches have shown that when children carried out adults bound labours, it causes harm
to their holistic development. Many parents in Nigeria do not see anything wrong in child
labour; as they see it as another means of income for the family and as well exposed the
child labourer to make end meet. Therefore, this study examined the attitude of children
towards child labour in Nigeria. The phenomenological approach of qualitative research
design type was adopted. Multi-stage sampling technique was used to 20 child labourers
from 1 Local Government Area in Oyo town Area of Oyo State for the study. A self-designed
research instrument titled Child Labourer Interview Schedule (CLIS) was used to collect the
data. The data obtained were transcribed and summarised to provide basis for interpretation
and analysed thematically. The study revealed that, most children have negative view
towards child labour, many child labourers do not have future aspiration and the dangers
child labourers faced were accident, kidnapping among others. Based on the findings,
poverty alleviation programmes should reach the parents who are in dire need, and such
programmes intervention should not be, based on political or religious affiliation of the
parents.
Key words: Children attitude; Child labourer; poverty; holistic development
Introduction
Child labour is a menace, which has developed deep root in the society especially in
the developing countries where it is difficult for parents to achieve ends meet; that is,
to make basic needs available for their families. This development has gradually
eroded the importance attached to children in Africa? This is because children has
become part of the breadwinner of the family or their major source of income. It is
highly important to note that, one of the ways Africans show the importance is
reflected in the name given to their children. For instance, Yoruba people in Nigeria
name child as Omowumi (I desire a child), Omolade (Child is crown),
Omolewa (Child is beauty) among others (Egbedeyi, 2017). Africans see the need to
take care of the children by making sure all their needs are met.
No wonder Africans take early care of their children serious, Awopegba,
Oduolowu and Nsamenang (2015) submitted that the early years of life is important

15
not because children in their early years are quite vulnerable, but more so; because
what happens during these early periods of life have significant effects on later life.
Africans understood the importance of children to any given society, no wonder one
of the Kenyan proverb refers to children as the ‘foundation of humanity’ (Lanyasunya
and Lesolayia, 2001), one African proverb from Yoruba in Nigeria said “omo ti yo je
asamu, kekere lo ti ma nse enu samusamu”, meaning, ‘a smart child will show the
proof from the early age’ (Oduolowu, 2011). However, despite the fact that the love
Africans have for their children, over time this love has degenerated to the extent
that the once queen and king of the family has turned to labourer in order to provide
or complement his/her family income.
Child labour has been defined from various scholars, Omokhodion,
Omokhodion and Odusote (2005) said child labour is any work done outside the
confines of the home. Amosun (2010) defined child labour as work performed by
children that endangers their health or safety, interferes with or prevents their
education or keeps them from play and other activity important to their development.
Nwazuoke and Igwe (2016) defined child labour as work that deprives a child of
his/her childhood and right to education or is detrimental to the physical, mental,
moral and social well-being of the child.
Thus, child labour can be defined as any work or activity that children
engaged in for the purpose of earning a living, which denies them of basic rights and
as well affects their holistic development. Children basic rights are being denied by
the very adults, who are supposed to guide, provide and cater for their needs. In
developing countries, these children have turned to breadwinners of the family by
working long hours per day to earn a living for instance Niger and India. The focus of
this paper is to investigate the attitude of the child labourers to child labour in
Nigeria, because their attitude is very pivotal to the either this act will stop or not.
Status of Child Labour in Nigeria
According to Amosun (2010), child labour started in the ancient world when
children joined adults in the field to work. Due to the status of social problem it could
be traced to the rise of industrial period and the appearance of capitalism. For
instance, in England and North America, it started with the development of domestic
system from 16th to the 18th century and lingers until the present days in some
industries and countries. The issue of child labour in Nigeria is similar to the trend in
other developing countries of the world.
In Nigeria, most communities in the olden days deprived children of their
cultural rights by regarding them as mere properties of their parents. It was believed
that children being parents’ personal properties could be used as they pleased
(Amosun, 2010). Egbedeyi (2014) said that in the past, children worked with their
families to acquire some skills they would need as adults. Now the reverse is the
case as children are forced to work for their own and their family’s survival (Sulyman,
2017). The income or money earned by child labourers play significant part in the
family income. One of the most heart-breaking reminders that we are a poor country

16
is the inundation of children on our streets selling different items to passers-by and
begging among others.
The United Nations Children’s Fund (2019) revealed Sub-Saharan Africa has
the largest proportion of child labourers, which stands at 29 percent while in
comparison to the Middle East and North Africa, which has record of 5 percent of
children aged 5 to 17. The UNICEF went ahead to explained that child labour
deprived the child labourer of their childhood, health, education, and condemning
them to a life of poverty and want. There are works that children do to help their
families in ways that are neither harmful nor exploitative. But many children are stuck
in unacceptable work for children, a serious violation of their rights such as hawking,
street begging, street children and so on. Amosun (2010) went further that child
labour does not occur in the organized private sector of Nigerian economy. However,
reports showed that most child labour occurs in agriculture and the informal sector of
the economy can be categorised into three; which are the public places, cottage
industries and mechanical workshops, and domestic services in private households.
Those involved in public settings include street vendors, shop and market stall
minders, beggars, shoe-shine boys, car washers, scavengers and head-loaders in
markets. Those involved in cottage industries and mechanical workshops according
to Situation Assessment and Analysis Report (2001) cited in Amosun (2010) include
apprentice mechanics, vulcanizes, bus conductors, iron and metal workers,
carpenters, tailors, weavers, hairdressers, barbers and workers in catering industry.
It is important to note that, apprenticeship is not bad except when a child between
the ages of 5-8years is exposed to it.
Cottage industries are located all over the country, although some towns
specialize in particulars crafts as in the case of weaving in the towns of Oyo state,
raffia crafts in Ikot-Epene. The United Nations Children’s Fund (2019) stated that
Child labour occurs almost in every sector which are not limited to the under listed
below: organized begging, domestic work, Bonded child labour, Fishing industry,
Food processing, Sex industry, Construction, Brick making, Agriculture, Child
soldiers, Textiles and Tourism, including sex tourism. These children may be hidden
from view in private homes, workshops and plantations (UNICEF, 2009).
Many scholars had identified various factors of child labour in developing
countries especially in Nigeria, which are poverty, income generational need,
immigration, crisis in the family and delay in enforcing rules against child labour
(Amosun, 2010). According to Sulyman (2017), child labour such as poverty, orphan
hood, loss of job by parents, spirit of independence/self-reliance, homelessness and
culture which promote street hawking by children, street begging, use of children as
transport conductors, and child street urchins. Some scholars believed that poverty
is the main reason behind the child labour phenomenon. That is, the reason some
families send their children to work; to help increase the family’s income to a level
that permits them to survive. (Ugorji et al, 2017; Nwazuoke and Igwe, 2016;
Sulaiman; 2013). To Delap (2001) poverty is not the major cause but cultural

17
aspects such as gender norms, education of the parents and Oleribe (2007) also
identified five cultures that cause child labour in the world which are: Culture of
poverty, Culture of Comparism, Culture of laziness, Culture of past life and culture of
incompetence.
The situations in contemporary developing countries where child labour is still
a serious problem are quite different from pre-industrial periods in developed
nations. Various empirical studies that describe situations in Africa revealed that
worst child labour take place and where 59 million children are labourers in Africa
(Canagarajah and Nielsen, 2001; Cockburn, 2001; Ajala, 2010, Awosusi and Adebo,
2012; Adegun 2013) and South Asia (Delap, 2001; Toor, 2001). According to
International Labour Organization Country Director, Zulu reported that though
Nigeria had ratified and domesticated several United Nations and ILO Conventions,
however statistic shows that about 43 percent of Nigerian children aged between
5years to 10years were involved in child labour (The Punch Newspaper of May 3,
2019). According to Save Children Group (2017) statistics shows that Sixteen (16)
states and FCT had children involved in child labour below the national average. The
remaining twenty (20) states had figures above the national average. These states
are Imo, Zamfara, Bauchi, Kaduna, Akwa Ibom, Kwara, Anambra, Ebonyi, Cross
River, Jigawa, Kogi, Abia, Oyo, Sokoto, Yobe, Nasarawa, Ekiti, Osun, Enugu and
Delta. Thus, children left behind in terms of child labour were mainly located in these
states.
The Impact of Child Labour on Child Holistic Development
Holistic development is an all-round development of a child, which results in
full recognition of the child as human being/whole person in term of physically,
emotionally, intellectually, morally and socially. Though the rate at which this
development takes in an individual varies, but it is common to all children
irrespective of their race, colour or gender. On the other hand, child labourer in most
cases usually work with a target, and failure to achieve it usually end up with
punishment such as forfeit of food or severely death with. According to Adekeye
(2008), reported some female labourers in their quest to make target led them to
been sexually abused. He went further to state that physical abuse, sexual abuse or
emotional maltreatment of children and particularly working children are found
everywhere all over the world.
Adekeye (2008) reported that most children are overworked, unrealistic target,
exposure to danger of various kinds in the street. Child labourers are usually denied
of adequate rest, education, food and medical care. Lack of proper guidance results
to moral bankrupt among the child labourers, as females are easy prey to rape, pre-
marital sex, unwanted pregnancy, abortion, drug abuse among other social vices
likewise males are not left out in all sources of social vices such as drugs, rape,
vagabond among other, even child labourer are susceptible to vehicular accidents,
ritual killing or kidnapping.

18
The World Vision (2015) submitted that childhood is a vital time for the safe
and healthy development of a person. Child labourers do not enjoy that necessary
safety; instead, they are at a “high risk of illness, injury, and even death due to a
wide variety of machinery, biological, physical, chemical, ergonomic, welfare/hygiene
and psychosocial hazards, as well as from long hours of work and poor living
conditions.” They can also suffer psychological damage from working in an
environment where they are denigrated, harassed or experience isolation, violence
and abuse.
Each year, as many as 2.7 million healthy years of child labourer are lost
owing to child labour. The ILO estimates that every year 22,000 children die from
accidents related to their work. The numbers of those injured or made ill because of
their work are not known. In addition, Child labour has a significant impact on the
reduced accumulation of human capital (people’s knowledge, skills learning, talents
and abilities), a key ingredient for national and individual economic development. At
the individual level, child labour interferes with children’s education, which reduces
the chances of getting decent work later in life and escaping the cycle of poverty and
exploitation.
Child labourer are being exposed to danger by those who suppose take good
and better care of them. Thus this paper set out to examine the attitude of children to
child labour in Nigeria, Nigeria was chose as the centre of the focus because of her
population which is over 170 million and availability of natural resources which
should be enough to increase standard of living of the citizens especially the
children. This paper targeted children who involve directly in child labour in Nigeria to
determine their view to child labour.
Theoretical Framework
This study is based on Appraisal Theory, at the beginning of the century, the
German psychologist Stumpf came up with a rudimentary version of appraisal theory
(Reisenzein and Schonpflug, 1992), however, the tradition can be linked to Magda
Arnold (1960), who was the first psychologist to used the word "appraisal" to explain
the elicitation of differentiated emotions. She believed that events are appraised with
respect to three dimensions: beneficial vs harmful, presence vs. absence of some
object, and relative difficulty to approach or avoid the latter. It should be noted that
Richard Lazarus (1966) has the most direct influence on the theoretical approach of
"appraisal theory". Lazarus argued that both stress and emotion are elicited by a
two-stage process of appraisal: primary appraisal (the positive or negative
significance of an event for one's well-being), and secondary appraisal (the ability to
cope with the consequences of an event).
One of the questions this theory answered is How can we explain individual and
temporal differences in emotional response to the same event? As indicated by
academic studies (Smith and Ellsworth, 1987), clinical practice (Rossman and Smith,
2001), and common observation, there can be striking individual differences in
emotional reaction to a given event. For example, in response to the end of a

19
romantic relationship, some individuals may feel sadness, others anger, and still
others guilt. Relief, hope, and the absence of emotion are among other possible
reactions. In addition, an individual's emotional response to a given event may
change over time (from guilt to anger, from relief to sadness). Both individual and
temporal variability in reaction to an event are difficult to explain with theories that
claim that stimulus events directly cause emotional response.
In answering the question stated above, Roseman and Smith (2001) submitted that
the differences in appraisal can account for individual and temporal differences in
emotional response. According to appraisal theories, it is interpretations of events,
rather than events themselves, that cause emotions. Since the same situation can
often be interpreted in different ways, there are few if any one-to-one relationships
between a situation and an emotional response (Roseman, 1984). Because
appraisals intervene between situations and emotions, different individuals who
appraise the same situation in significantly different ways will feel different emotions;
and a given individual who appraises the same situation in significantly different
ways at different times will feel different emotions.
This theory is important to this study, because it had established that every human
being would react differently to the same situations after passing through two-stage
process, which is usually based on the stress and emotion. Therefore, this theory will
guide the study in finding out the view of child labourers as well the consequences
child labour will bring on the child labourers.
Objectives of the Study
This study seeks to examine the views of child labourer in Nigeria
2. The future aspiration of child labourer in Nigeria
3. The dangers facing child labourer in Nigeria
4. The solutions to the danger facing child labourer in Nigeria.
Research Questions
1. What is the view of child labourer to child labour in Nigeria?
2. What is the future aspiration of child labourer in Nigeria?
3. What are the dangers facing child labourer in Nigeria?
4. What are the solutions to the danger facing child labourer in Nigeria?
Methodology
The study adopted the phenomenological approach of qualitative research design
type. The population for the study comprised children between the ages of 6-8 years,
who engaged in child labour in Oyo State, Nigeria. This study used multi-stage
sampling technique to involved Oyo town. Simple random technique was used to
select 1 Local Government Area out of 4 Local Government Areas in Oyo town.
Simple random technique was used to select 20 child labourers from the selected
Local Government Area. Therefore, the total sample for the study was 20 children.
Data were collected using self-design and validate instruments “Child Labourer

20
Interview Schedule (CLIS). The interview was conducted in the immediate language
of the participants. The data obtained were transcribed, summarised to provide basis
for interpretation and thematically analyse
Results and Discussion
The thematic approach of qualitative data analysis is adopted to present the findings
from the interviews conducted during the study.
Theme 1: View of Child Labourers to Child Labour
The view can be defined as a regard to child labour. The child labourers have
particular view towards child labour, which can be categorized into three: Positive;
Indifferent and Negative view.
Sub-Theme 1: Positive View
Positive view can be seen as the situation of being very hopeful, confident as well
think of the good aspects of child labour. Some child labourers see child labour as
an avenue to develop needed skills to be successful in life. For example while some
children labourers responding to the question on what they thought about child
labour, their responses were:
Child A: “I do not see anything wrong in helping my mother to hawk her goods,
because I hawk the goods after school hours and also, my mother usually talk that
things are hard, so I am always happy to help her”.
Child B: “I am happy because people usually give and I made more money to
support my parents”. For instance, I usually realize five hundred naira or more daily.
Sub-theme 2: Negative View
Negative view is the situation of registering displeasure on child labour by children.
Most of the child labourers registers their displeasure on child labour; because most
of them see it as the avenue for exploits, hatred and denial of access to formal
education. Child C response was:
Child C: “I am not happy with begging around for food, unable to attend school. If I
refuse to beg for food or money, my father would beat me for refusing to beg. I
usually stay with Mallam, who teaches Quranic recitations; the Mallam refuses to
provide for me and my mates but sends us out to earn a living through begging for
ourselves and him”.
Child D: “I feel hate because I hawk goods, though it happens after school, but the
pain that is associated with hawking such as I dislike my classmate seeing me
hawking, unable to play with friends after school usually make me feel sad and
dejected. I believe that because my mother is poor is the main reason for this”.
Child E: I started begging because my parents had divorced each other. I do not like
begging around because it denies me opportunity to attend school, there is none to
send me to school. Whenever, I see other children going to school, I always cry and
sad.
Sub-theme 3: Indifferent View
This is a situation where a child finds it difficult to determine whether child labour is
good or harmful to them.

21
Child F: I help my parents in providing little income to join whatever they make daily
but I do not know if it is good or bad.
This finding is in support of ICF International (2012) which said that for some
child labourers, it was a way of preparing for their future; others saw it as a way to
achieve a degree of independence. Egbedeyi (2014), submitted that child labourer
see child labour as a way of distort them, right to basic things such as schooling,
feeding and sheltering. Omokhodion et al (2006) said a total of 115 (51%) children
thought children should work, while 104 (46%) respondents thought they should not.
Five (3%) did not know.
Theme 2: The Future Aspiration of Child Labourer
When the above question was asked from the respondents, future aspiration means
the dream each of them have or what they want to become in future. Two out of the
child labourers have future aspiration while the remaining do not have particular
aspiration
Sub-theme 1: Had Future Aspiration
Child A: “I want to become a Mallam”
Child B: “I want to become a soldier”
Sub-theme 2: No Future Aspiration
The rest children whatever God destined us to be”.
It is very obvious that many children who engaged in child labour has no
future aspiration, that is, they are living on chance, hence to have a future ambition
will be huge task. However, some of them still have ambition but the number is
small. The finding is in support of Omokhodion et al (2006) in total, 107 children
(48%) plan to continue with school or return to school after leaving work, 96 (43%)
intend to learn a trade and 20 (9%) had no definite plans. However, this preference
varied with age and educational attainment.
Theme 3: The Dangers Facing Child Labourer
The danger involved in child labour cannot be over-emphasized, because these
children are expose to various form of harmful things that engender their lives. The
child labourers agreed that accident and kidnap are the dangers facing them.
Sub-theme 1: Accident
The child labourers related that accident occurs to them when they are hawking,
begging among others. It should be noted that accident is an unfortunate incident
that happens unprepared and unintentional which lead to damage or injury. In the
word of Child A:
Child A: there was a time like that when I was hawking wares, a motorcycle rider hit
me and I was rushed to hospital for treatment.
Child B: I was begging for alms one day and I fell inside drainage. I sustained injury
but since there is no money to take care of myself, the injury was healed by itself.
Sub-theme 2: Kidnapping

22
Many child labourers had become victim of kidnapping. There is no limit or boundary
to the routes taking by the child labourers, which makes them to be easy target for
kidnappers.
Child C: I heard about the story of how a child was kidnapped, he went to hawk one
day and till today he is yet to be found. That is why, I do not hawk alone because of
the fear of being kidnap by wicked people. If I do not see other hawkers to follow, I
will make sure I do not go far or follow anybody to quite place.
Child labourers faced many dangers within and outside, such as rape,
accident, and kidnap among other vices. The finding is in support of Amosun (2010)
who said child labourers’ especially street hawkers at bus stops, and in hold-ups on
busy urban highways, make children to be at high risk of accidents at their young
age, also some children no longer stay with their parents. Also Omokhodion et al
(2006) found that bad company, ill health and exposure to road traffic accidents were
frequently mentioned.
Theme 4: The Solutions to Child Labour
It is important to find solution to child labour in Nigeria, when the children are asked
what the solutions to child labour are, the children responded that: punishment and
cash incentives.
Sub-theme 1: Punishment
There should be punishment for the offender, for the parents who send their children
to engage in child labour or those who rape the child labourers. Child C: Government
should punish my father and Mallam because they allow me to beg for food or
money from people. The reason I want government to punish is that they always
force or beat me to do it. I am tired of staying with them.
Sub-theme 2: Cash Incentives
Cash incentives include giving soft loan or credit to the parents, because poverty is
one of the major reasons parents allow their children to engage in child labour. For
instance, Child D is of the opinion that: government should come to aid of my
parents; by giving my parents money to do business.
The finding is in support of Amosun (2010) who suggested that Nigeria governments
at all level should introduce appropriate programmes that would focus on
development of skills necessary for self-employment and creation of enabling
environment for industrial development
Conclusion
Childhood stage is very important and symbolic to the lives of children
because at this stage they are still trying to figure their identity, purpose and
usefulness. Based on this, children basic needs is the responsibility of the immediate
family and society. However, children in Africa especially in Nigeria have witnessed a
drastic turn from “the prince and princess of the family to bread winner or means of
survival”. In some families, as some parents hold belief that having children is a
means to generate income. Thus, children whose rights had been infringed upon
through child labour no longer experience the popular image of childhood at all; they

23
grow up with anxiety and damaging situation. It is important to examine the attitude
of child labourers to child labour in Nigeria, which this study was set out to do. The
study had established that children views toward child labour varies, while some
children see it as something bad, another as good and some were indifferent to it. In
addition, the study discovered that many child labourers do not have future ambition
but depend on chance. The researcher concluded that governments, religious bodies
and parents have a lot to do concerning the child labour, because many children are
becoming child labourers daily.
Recommendations
This study therefore recommended that governments, Nongovernmental
organizations and individual should come to the aid of child labourer by providing
free and quality education to children, also some of these child labourers could be
adopted by Non-Government Organization or any well-meaning individual for the
purpose of giving these children a better and rewarding future. Governments, NGOs
and private individuals should ensure that stiff penalty is mete out on any parents
that send their children out for child labour, any adults that take advantage of or
abuse the child labourer in whatever form. Governments should provide soft loan
without interest for the parents who should be accessible to all irrespective of their
race, gender, religion or political affiliation. Governments and NGOs should also
focus on creating and increasing awareness of laws, policies and the effect that child
labour could has on children holistic development.
References
Ajala, E. M. 2010. Economic Status, Family Size and Educational Status of the
Child as Determinants of Child Labour in Ondo State, Nigeria. African Journal
of Educational Research 14: 1 and 2: 116-125
Amosun, M.D. 2010. Child labour and Poverty: Threats to children’s life. Nigerian
Journal of Research in Primary Education 2.1:49-58
Awopegba, P.O., Oduolowu, E. A and Nsamenang, A. B. 2013. Indigenous Early
Childhood Care and Education (IECCE) curriculum framework for Africa A
focus on context and contents. Addis Ababa: UNESCO-IICBA Publisher
Awosusi ,O and Adebo, G. M. 2012. Domestic Servants and Rural-Youth Urban
Migration in Nigeria. International Journal of Humanities and Social Science
2.5: 271-278
Canagarajah, S. and Nielsen, H. S. 2001.Child Labour in Africa: A Comparative
Study". The Annals of the American Academy 575:71-91
Cockburn, J. 2001. Child Work and Poverty in developing Countries. Oxford:
University of Oxford.

24
Dehaja, R. H. and Roberta, G. 2001. Chile Labour: The Role of Income Variability
and access to Credit in a Cross-Section of Countries. Policy Research
Working Paper. No 2767. World Bank Washington D.C. No 24
Delap, E. 2001. “Economic and Cultural Forces in the Child Labour Debate”:
Evidence from Urban Bangladesh. Journal of Development Studies 37.4:1-22
Egbedeyi, T.F. 2014. The attitude of Parents and children towards child labour in
Ibadan North East Local Government. Unpublished Project, Teacher
Education, University of Ibadan. x+99
ICF International. 2012. Child Labour in the Informal Garment Production in
Bangladesh, Task Order II, Task VI, In-country Mixed Methods Research and
Data Collection, Report submitted to the United States Department of Labour,
Office of Child Labour, Forced Labour and Human Trafficking, Washington,
DC.
Lanyasunya, A. R. and Lesolayia, M. S. 2001. El-barta Child and Family Project.
Working Papers in Early Childhood Development, No.28. The Hague, The
Netherlands: Bernard van Leer Foundation.
Lazarus, R.S. 1966. Psychological stress and the coping process. New York:
McGraw-Hill
Nwazuoke, A. N. and Igwe, C. A. 2016. Worst Forms of Child Labour in Nigeria: An
Appraisal of International and Local Legal Regimes. Beijing Law Review 7:
69-82
Oduolowu, E. 2011. Contemporary Issues in Early Childhood Education. Ibadan:
Franco Ola Publishers.
Omokhodion F. O., Omokhodion S. I., and Odusote, T. O. 2005. Perceptions of child
labour among working children in Ibadan, Nigeria. Child: Care, Health and
Development 32.3: 281–286.
Osita-Oleribe , O. E. 2007. Exploring the causes of child labour, International NGO
Journal 2.1: 6-9
The Punch Newspaper. May 3, 2019. Lagos State. Nigeria
Reisenzein, R and Schonpflug, W. 1992. Stumpf's cognitive-evaluative theory of
emotion. American Psychologist 47: 34-35
Roseman, I. J. 1984. Cognitive determinants of emotion: A structural theory. In P.
Shaver (Ed.), Review of personality and social psychology 5: Emotions,
relationships, and health (pp. 11–36). Beverly
Hills, CA: SAGE.
Roseman, I. J and Smith, C. A. 2001. Appraisal Theory Overview, Assumptions,

25
Varieties, Controversies. In K. R. Scherer, A. Schorr, and T. Johnstone (Eds.),
Appraisal Processes in Emotion: Theory, methods, Research (pp.3-19). New
York: Oxford University Press.
Smith, C. A., and Eilsworth, P.C. 1987. Patterns of Appraisal and Emotion related to
taking an exam. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 52: 475-488
Sulaiman, F.R. 2013. Exploration into the Demographic Characteristics of Street
Begging Children in Ijebu-Ode, Ogun State. Kwasu Journal of Early
Childhood Primary Education 2:116-125
Sulyman, H.T. 2017. An Exploration into the Demographic Charaterisitcs of Child
Labourers in Ilorin Metropolis, Kwara State Nigeria. Journal of Early
Childhood Association of Nigeria 6.1:160-169
Toor, S. 2001. Child Labour in Pakistan: Coming of Age in the New World Order.
Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science. 575:194-224
Ugorji, P. N; Okoronkwo, N. M and Gertrude, O.N. 2017. Child Labour: A form of
Violence and Its Effects on the Nigerian Child. Journal of Early Childhood
Association of Nigeria 6.1:170-181
World Vision Canada. June.,2015. Preventing child Labour: the case for
Canadian supply chain transparency legislation: 1-27. Retrieved March 10,
2019 from www.worldvision.ca

A QUALITATIVE APPROACH TO THE CHILDREN S VIEWS TOWARD CHILD LABOUR IN NIGERIA

Recommandé

Recommandé

Contenu connexe

Similaire à A QUALITATIVE APPROACH TO THE CHILDREN S VIEWS TOWARD CHILD LABOUR IN NIGERIA

Similaire à A QUALITATIVE APPROACH TO THE CHILDREN S VIEWS TOWARD CHILD LABOUR IN NIGERIA (20)

Plus de Dereck Downing

Plus de Dereck Downing (20)

Dernier

Dernier (20)

A QUALITATIVE APPROACH TO THE CHILDREN S VIEWS TOWARD CHILD LABOUR IN NIGERIA