This document summarizes research on IP address assignment protocols for mobile ad hoc networks. It begins with an abstract describing the challenges of address assignment in infrastructure-less mobile ad hoc networks. It then provides background on traditional address assignment schemes and why they cannot be directly applied to mobile ad hoc networks. The document reviews requirements for address assignment protocols in this context. It proceeds to describe several existing IP address assignment protocols for mobile ad hoc networks, categorizing them as best effort, leader-based, or decentralized approaches. It concludes that more research is needed to solve the challenging problem of dynamic address assignment in unpredictable and merging mobile ad hoc networks.
A Distributed Protocol For Dynamic Address Assignment In Mobile Ad Hoc NetworksChristina Bauer
This document summarizes a distributed protocol for dynamic IP address assignment in mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs). In MANETs, nodes can enter and leave the network dynamically, so a static pre-assignment of IP addresses is not feasible. Existing solutions like DHCP require centralized servers that may not exist in MANETs. The proposed solution guarantees unique IP address assignment in MANETs under various conditions like message losses and network changes, with low latency and communication overhead. It provides a distributed alternative to address the dynamic nature of nodes in MANETs.
An Efficient FB Addressing Protocol for Auto configuration of Ad Hoc Networksijceronline
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research (IJCER) is dedicated to protecting personal information and will make every reasonable effort to handle collected information appropriately. All information collected, as well as related requests, will be handled as carefully and efficiently as possible in accordance with IJCER standards for integrity and objectivity.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
A Mobile Ad-hoc network is a set of mobile terminals moving in different directions at different
speed being wirelessly connected to each-other. In this paper we study the proactive Link State Routing
Protocol – OLSR, which uses hello and topology control (TC) messages to find then distribute link state
data throughout the mobile ad hoc network. Individual nodes use this topology data to calculate next hop
destinations for all nodes within the network using shortest hop forwarding paths. We then suggest ways
by which the existing algorithm can be optimized in terms of delay, throughput, power consumption, jitter
etc. Finally we summarize the applications of OLSR.
Mitigation of Selfish Node Attacks In Autoconfiguration of MANETsIJAAS Team
Mobile ad-hoc networks (MANETs) are composed of mobile nodes connected by wireless links without using any pre-existent infrastructure. Hence the assigning of unique IP address to the incoming node becomes difficult. There are various dynamic auto configuration protocols available to assign IP address to the incoming nodes including grid based protocol which assigns IP address with less delay and low protocol overhead. Such protocols get affected by presence of either selfish nodes or malicious nodes. Moreover there is no centralized approach to defend against these threats like in wired network such as firewall, intrusion detection system, proxy etc. The selfish nodes are the nodes which receive packet destined to it and drop packet destined to other nodes in order to save its energy and resources. This behavior of nodes affects normal functioning of auto configuration protocol. Many algorithms are available to isolate selfish nodes but they do not deal with presence of false alarm and protocol overhead. And also there are certain algorithms which use complex formulae and tedious mathematical calculations. The proposed algorithm in this paper helps to overcome the attack of selfish nodes effect in an efficient and scalable address auto configuration protocol that automatically configures a network by assigning unique IP addresses to all nodes with a very low protocol overhead, minimal address acquisition delay and computational overhead.
Routing protocols in Ad-hoc Networks- A Simulation StudyIOSR Journals
This document summarizes a study that simulated and compared several routing protocols for ad hoc networks using the Network Simulator 2 (NS-2). It began by describing ad hoc networks and reviewing related work comparing routing protocols. It then provided an overview of desirable routing protocol properties and described several prominent protocols in detail: DSDV, AODV, DSR, ZRP, TORA, IMEP, and CBRP. The document outlined the NS-2 simulator and the mobility extension used. It concluded by detailing the simulation methodology and modifications made to the AODV and DSR implementations in NS-2 to perform the comparative analysis.
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research (IJCER) is dedicated to protecting personal information and will make every reasonable effort to handle collected information appropriately. All information collected, as well as related requests, will be handled as carefully and efficiently as possible in accordance with IJCER standards for integrity and objectivity.
Address allocation for MANET merge and partition using cluster based routingsugandhasinghhooda
Network merges and partitions occur quite often in MANET wherein address auto-configuration is a critical
requirement. There are various approaches for address auto-configuration in MANETs which allocate address to
the nodes in a dynamic and distributed manner in which HOST ID and MANET ID are assigned on the basis of
their Base value. MANET merges and partitions employing Cluster Based Routing Protocol require a node to be
assigned as the Cluster Head (CH). This paper presents the Election Algorithm which assigns a node as the Cluster
Head on the basis of its weight. Through simulation using the NS-2, it has been shown that the Election Algorithm
improves the packet delivery ratio (PDR) significantly and decreases the packet delay to a great extent in comparison
to the existing AODV protocol.
A Distributed Protocol For Dynamic Address Assignment In Mobile Ad Hoc NetworksChristina Bauer
This document summarizes a distributed protocol for dynamic IP address assignment in mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs). In MANETs, nodes can enter and leave the network dynamically, so a static pre-assignment of IP addresses is not feasible. Existing solutions like DHCP require centralized servers that may not exist in MANETs. The proposed solution guarantees unique IP address assignment in MANETs under various conditions like message losses and network changes, with low latency and communication overhead. It provides a distributed alternative to address the dynamic nature of nodes in MANETs.
An Efficient FB Addressing Protocol for Auto configuration of Ad Hoc Networksijceronline
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research (IJCER) is dedicated to protecting personal information and will make every reasonable effort to handle collected information appropriately. All information collected, as well as related requests, will be handled as carefully and efficiently as possible in accordance with IJCER standards for integrity and objectivity.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
A Mobile Ad-hoc network is a set of mobile terminals moving in different directions at different
speed being wirelessly connected to each-other. In this paper we study the proactive Link State Routing
Protocol – OLSR, which uses hello and topology control (TC) messages to find then distribute link state
data throughout the mobile ad hoc network. Individual nodes use this topology data to calculate next hop
destinations for all nodes within the network using shortest hop forwarding paths. We then suggest ways
by which the existing algorithm can be optimized in terms of delay, throughput, power consumption, jitter
etc. Finally we summarize the applications of OLSR.
Mitigation of Selfish Node Attacks In Autoconfiguration of MANETsIJAAS Team
Mobile ad-hoc networks (MANETs) are composed of mobile nodes connected by wireless links without using any pre-existent infrastructure. Hence the assigning of unique IP address to the incoming node becomes difficult. There are various dynamic auto configuration protocols available to assign IP address to the incoming nodes including grid based protocol which assigns IP address with less delay and low protocol overhead. Such protocols get affected by presence of either selfish nodes or malicious nodes. Moreover there is no centralized approach to defend against these threats like in wired network such as firewall, intrusion detection system, proxy etc. The selfish nodes are the nodes which receive packet destined to it and drop packet destined to other nodes in order to save its energy and resources. This behavior of nodes affects normal functioning of auto configuration protocol. Many algorithms are available to isolate selfish nodes but they do not deal with presence of false alarm and protocol overhead. And also there are certain algorithms which use complex formulae and tedious mathematical calculations. The proposed algorithm in this paper helps to overcome the attack of selfish nodes effect in an efficient and scalable address auto configuration protocol that automatically configures a network by assigning unique IP addresses to all nodes with a very low protocol overhead, minimal address acquisition delay and computational overhead.
Routing protocols in Ad-hoc Networks- A Simulation StudyIOSR Journals
This document summarizes a study that simulated and compared several routing protocols for ad hoc networks using the Network Simulator 2 (NS-2). It began by describing ad hoc networks and reviewing related work comparing routing protocols. It then provided an overview of desirable routing protocol properties and described several prominent protocols in detail: DSDV, AODV, DSR, ZRP, TORA, IMEP, and CBRP. The document outlined the NS-2 simulator and the mobility extension used. It concluded by detailing the simulation methodology and modifications made to the AODV and DSR implementations in NS-2 to perform the comparative analysis.
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research (IJCER) is dedicated to protecting personal information and will make every reasonable effort to handle collected information appropriately. All information collected, as well as related requests, will be handled as carefully and efficiently as possible in accordance with IJCER standards for integrity and objectivity.
Address allocation for MANET merge and partition using cluster based routingsugandhasinghhooda
Network merges and partitions occur quite often in MANET wherein address auto-configuration is a critical
requirement. There are various approaches for address auto-configuration in MANETs which allocate address to
the nodes in a dynamic and distributed manner in which HOST ID and MANET ID are assigned on the basis of
their Base value. MANET merges and partitions employing Cluster Based Routing Protocol require a node to be
assigned as the Cluster Head (CH). This paper presents the Election Algorithm which assigns a node as the Cluster
Head on the basis of its weight. Through simulation using the NS-2, it has been shown that the Election Algorithm
improves the packet delivery ratio (PDR) significantly and decreases the packet delay to a great extent in comparison
to the existing AODV protocol.
Comparatively analysis of AODV and DSR in MAC layer for Ad Hoc Environmentijsrd.com
In Wireless Adhoc Network is a group of wireless mobile nodes is an autonomous system of mobile nodes connected by wireless links. Every node operates as an end system and as a router to forward packets. In this paper mainly focused on Mac layer because this layer is most important for the data communication using control the packet loss and we worked on the comparison based performance of wimax802.16 and wireless802.11 networks using Ad hoc on- demand Distance Vector Routing Protocol and Dynamic Source Routing Protocol. In this paper we used the different maximum speed for the network. And this comparison based on unicast On-demand routing procedure and our simulation for mobile ad hoc networks discover and maintain only needed the design and follows the idea that each node by sending routing packets whenever a communication is requested and compared various parameter packet delivery ratio, normalized routing load and e-e delay. These simulations are carried out using the Network simulator version-2. The results presented in this work illustrate the importance in carefully evaluating and implementing routing protocols in an ad hoc environment.
Performance Analysis of Mobile Adhoc Network Routing Protocols Over Tcppijans
In order to reduce the communication cost and time we are looking forward for successful implementation
of an infrastructure less network like Mobile Ad Hoc Network in all arena of wireless mobile
communication. But still it is a challenge to decide a most appropriate routing protocol for MANET. In
MANET there is no fixed topology due to the mobility of nodes, interference, multipath propagation and
path loss. Since MANET does not use fixed infrastructure rather it always have to find suitable router and
routing path for each communication, existing established routing protocol is not suitable for MANET to
function properly. Different Routing protocols have been proposed to meet the challenges with MANETs.
This paper evaluates the performances of four MANET routing protocols which are DSDV, AODV, DSR
and TORA over TCP, a Transport Layer Protocol. The performance metrics which are considered in this
paper are packet delivery fractions, normalized routing overload, end to end delay and throughput. DSDV
is a proactive protocol and the others are reactive protocols.
This document discusses the Teredo protocol, which enables IPv6 connectivity for nodes located behind IPv4 NAT devices. It explains how Teredo works by tunneling IPv6 packets over UDP through NATs. While Teredo allows IPv6 connectivity, it also raises security concerns by bypassing security controls and allowing unsolicited traffic. The document analyzes attacks that could exploit vulnerabilities in Teredo tunnels, such as a denial of service attack against a Teredo server using a single packet. It investigates whether Teredo represents a security risk or is a worthwhile transition mechanism from IPv4 to IPv6.
Abstract— A MANETs is a self-configuring network is a collection of mobile hosts that are connected via a wireless link. Opportunistic data forwarding has drawn much attention in the research community of multihop wireless networks. Opportunistic data forwarding is the lack of an efficient, lightweight proactive routing scheme with strong source routing capability. In this project proposed to a lightweight proactive source routing (PSR) protocol. PSR can be maintained at different network topology information than distance vector (DV), link state (LS), optimized link State routing (OLSR), then reactive source routing [e.g., dynamic source routing (DSR)]. In this project concentrate on reducing the overhead at the base line protocols, then testing to the better data transportation. Network Simulator (NS-2) help in testing and implementing to this project for effectively reduced to the overhead in the data transportation.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Performance analysis on multihop transmission using arp routing protocol in i...eSAT Journals
This document discusses using the Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) routing protocol for multi-hop transmissions in IEEE 802.11 ad hoc networks. It proposes using ARP messages between nodes to establish routes for sending data when the source and destination nodes are out of radio range of each other. Intermediate nodes receiving ARP requests or replies would act as routers, forwarding the data to the destination. The method aims to reduce overhead compared to other ad hoc routing protocols like AODV. Simulation results showed the ARP routing protocol performed comparably to AODV in terms of throughput, packet loss and round trip time for different distances and environments.
A SURVEY OF ENHANCED ROUTING PROTOCOLS FOR MANETspijans
This document summarizes and surveys several enhanced routing protocols that have been developed for mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs). It begins by providing background on routing challenges in MANETs and classifications of routing protocols. It then describes several traditional and widely used routing protocols, including DSDV, OLSR, TORA, DSR, and AODV. The document focuses on summarizing several new routing protocols that have been proposed to improve upon existing protocols. It discusses protocols such as BAWB-DSR, CCSR, RAMP, AODV-SBA, CBRP-R, and CBTRP - noting techniques, advantages, and disadvantages of each. The overall purpose is to review
A Survey of Enhanced Routing Protocols for Manetspijans
Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (MANETs) form a class of dynamic multi-hop networks consisting of a set of
mobile nodes that intercommunicate on shared wireless channels. MANETs are self-organizing and selfconfiguring multi-hop wireless networks, where the network structure changes dynamically due to the node
mobility. There exists no fixed topology due to the mobility of nodes, interference, multipath propagation
and path loss. Hence efficient dynamic routing protocols are required for these networks to function
properly. Many routing protocols have been developed to accomplish this task. In this paper we survey
various new routing protocols that have been developed as extensions or advanced versions of previously
existing routing protocols for MANETs such as DSR, AODV, OLSR etc.
This document evaluates the performance of various routing protocols for ad hoc networks including AODV, DSDV, DSR, AOMDV, and geographic greedy forwarding. It compares the protocols based on metrics like percentage packet delivery, end-to-end delay, jitter, throughput, and number of packets dropped. The results show that geographic greedy forwarding generally performs better with higher packet delivery ratios, lower delays and jitter, and fewer dropped packets compared to the other protocols especially for a network of 50 nodes.
This document analyzes the effect of node density on different routing protocols under FTP and HTTP applications. It simulates scenarios with varying node densities (20-130 nodes) using routing protocols AODV, DSR, GRP and OLSR. Key quality of service (QoS) metrics - throughput, delay, network load and packet delivery ratio - are evaluated and compared. The results show that OLSR generally performs best in terms of throughput and delay for both FTP and HTTP applications. GRP performs best for network load, while AODV has the highest packet delivery ratio for FTP. In conclusion, OLSR is the best overall routing protocol for supporting FTP and HTTP applications in mobile ad-hoc networks according to
Migrating packet dropping in mobile ad hoc network based on modified ack-base...Alexander Decker
This document discusses migrating packet dropping in mobile ad-hoc networks using a modified ACK-based authentication scheme. It begins by introducing mobile ad-hoc networks and some of the security challenges they face, such as packet dropping attacks. It then discusses existing ACK-based authentication schemes and their limitations, such as generating a large overhead and having ambiguity when nodes refuse acknowledgments. The document proposes a modified ACK-based scheme that uses a secure channel to overcome these limitations and minimize packet dropping. It evaluates the proposed scheme through simulation experiments and finds it improves performance metrics like packet delivery ratio and throughput compared to not using a secure channel. In conclusion, the modified scheme is presented as a way to enhance node authentication and reduce packet dropping in mobile
Performance Comparison of AODV and DSDV Routing Protocols for Ad-hoc Wireless...Narendra Singh Yadav
This document compares the performance of two routing protocols for mobile ad hoc networks: Destination Sequenced Distance Vector (DSDV) and Ad Hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (AODV). It presents the results of simulations run using the ns-2 network simulator. The simulations varied the number of nodes, pause time (mobility rate), and number of data sources. The performance metrics measured were packet delivery ratio, average end-to-end delay, and normalized routing load. The results showed that AODV had higher packet delivery ratios and lower routing loads than DSDV. However, AODV experienced higher delays than DSDV due to its on-demand route discovery process. DSDV performed better in low
Study of Attacks and Routing Protocol in Wireless Networkijsrd.com
Wireless mesh networks (WMNs) are attractive as a new communication paradigm. Ad hoc routing protocols for WMNs are classified into: (1) proactive, (2) reactive, and (3) hybrid approaches. In general, proactive routing is more suitable for a stationary network, while reactive routing is better for a mobile network with a high mobility. In many applications, a node in WMN is mobile but it can fluctuate between being mobile. Wireless mesh networks is an emergent research area, which is becoming important due to the growing amount of nodes in a network.
This report summarizes the key components of networking, including different types of cables, IP addresses, network protocols, topologies, standards, and cabling categories. It discusses the basic elements used to establish a network, such as switches, routers, and client computers. It also explains concepts like TCP/IP, UDP, DHCP, LANs, WANs, the OSI model and more. Tables and diagrams are provided to illustrate networking concepts and components.
ANALYSIS OF PROACTIVE AND REACTIVE MANET ROUTING PROTOCOLS UNDER SELECTED TCP...ijasuc
This document analyzes the performance of two reactive MANET routing protocols, DSR and DSDV, under TCP Vegas and TCP Newreno variants through simulations. The simulations measured packet delivery ratio, average end-to-end delay, and total packets dropped. The results showed that DSDV generally had a higher packet delivery ratio but also higher end-to-end delay and more packet drops compared to DSR. DSR performed better in terms of delay and drops due to its on-demand route discovery, while DSDV maintained more consistent routes leading to better packet delivery.
Survey comparison estimation of various routing protocols in mobile ad hoc ne...ijdpsjournal
MANET is
an autonomous system of mobile nodes attached by wireless links. It represents
a complex and
dynamic distributed systems that consist of mobile wireless nodes that can freely self organize into
an ad
-
hoc network topology. The devices in the network may hav
e limited transmission
range therefore multiple
hops may be needed by one node to transfer data to another node in network. This leads to the need f
or an
effective routing protocol. In this paper we study various classifications of routing protocols and
th
eir types
for wireless mobile ad
-
hoc networks like DSDV, GSR, AODV, DSR, ZRP, FSR, CGSR, LAR, and Geocast
Protocols. In this paper we also compare different routing proto
cols on based on a given set of
parameters
Scalability, Latency, Bandwidth, Control
-
ov
erhead, Mobility impact
Survey comparison estimation of various routing protocols in mobile ad hoc ne...ijdpsjournal
This document summarizes and compares various routing protocols for mobile ad-hoc networks (MANETs). It first describes the characteristics and challenges of MANETs. It then classifies routing protocols for MANETs into three main categories: table-driven (proactive), on-demand (reactive), and hybrid protocols. Examples of protocols from each category are described in detail, including DSDV, AODV, DSR, and ZRP. Key features such as route discovery, table maintenance, and use of proactive and reactive approaches are discussed for each example protocol. Finally, the document compares different protocols based on parameters like scalability, latency, bandwidth overhead, and mobility impact.
Change is the only thing which is constant in this
today’s era. Constant technology updates demand building up
and falling down of infrastructure along with cost involvement.
Today there is a need of adaptive infrastructure called Ad hoc
network.
Ad hoc network is a collection of two or more nodes with
wireless communication having network capability that they can
communicate without centralized manner. So, at any time host
devices may act as a router or as a node. Ad hoc networks can be
erected as wireless technology, comprising of Radio Frequency
(RF) and infrared frequency.
Wireless Ad hoc network is Temporary, Infrastructure less,
Decentralized, self-organized packet switched network. In this
network topology changes dynamically which can results change
in link failure or broken. In this paper we evaluate the
performance parameters like Throughput, End-to-End Delay and
Packet Delivery Ratio of AODV (ad hoc on Demand Vector) and
DSDV (Destination Sequential Distance Vector) protocol. The
simulation tool used is Network Simulator 2 -2.35
The document discusses network protocols and the OSI model. It describes the 7 layers of the OSI model from the physical layer to the application layer. It then discusses the TCP/IP protocol suite and its 5 layers. For each layer, it outlines the main responsibilities and protocols that are part of that layer such as IP, ICMP, DHCP, TCP, and others. It also discusses some common routing protocols like RIP, OSPF, and BGP. Finally, it covers issues with using TCP over wireless networks and some proposed solutions to improve its performance.
Detection of Duplicate Address in Mobile Adhoc Networks for On Demand Routing...IJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
No One Can Write My Essay For Me Freely. Online assignment writing service.Kristen Flores
The book of Esther takes place in the Persian Empire during King Ahasuerus' reign. Esther, a Jew whose parents had died, was taken in by her cousin Mordecai. At the king's command, a beauty pageant was held to find a new queen. Esther entered and won. Meanwhile, the king's prime minister Haman plotted to kill all Jews, including Mordecai and Esther. Through Esther's intervention with the king, the Jews were spared and Haman was executed.
What Are Good Topics For An Argumentative ResearcKristen Flores
1. Earth is the only known planet capable of supporting life. It has the necessary conditions like a temperature range conducive to liquid water, abundant water, and other elements essential for life like carbon and oxygen.
2. Life plays a crucial role in regulating Earth's climate and atmosphere. Plants and algae produce oxygen and absorb carbon dioxide, keeping temperatures stable.
3. All of humanity relies on Earth's living systems like forests and oceans for survival. We depend on ecosystems for food, medicine, clean air and water. The extinction of species threatens our own existence on the planet.
Contenu connexe
Similaire à A Survey On IP Address Assignment In A Mobile Ad Hoc
Comparatively analysis of AODV and DSR in MAC layer for Ad Hoc Environmentijsrd.com
In Wireless Adhoc Network is a group of wireless mobile nodes is an autonomous system of mobile nodes connected by wireless links. Every node operates as an end system and as a router to forward packets. In this paper mainly focused on Mac layer because this layer is most important for the data communication using control the packet loss and we worked on the comparison based performance of wimax802.16 and wireless802.11 networks using Ad hoc on- demand Distance Vector Routing Protocol and Dynamic Source Routing Protocol. In this paper we used the different maximum speed for the network. And this comparison based on unicast On-demand routing procedure and our simulation for mobile ad hoc networks discover and maintain only needed the design and follows the idea that each node by sending routing packets whenever a communication is requested and compared various parameter packet delivery ratio, normalized routing load and e-e delay. These simulations are carried out using the Network simulator version-2. The results presented in this work illustrate the importance in carefully evaluating and implementing routing protocols in an ad hoc environment.
Performance Analysis of Mobile Adhoc Network Routing Protocols Over Tcppijans
In order to reduce the communication cost and time we are looking forward for successful implementation
of an infrastructure less network like Mobile Ad Hoc Network in all arena of wireless mobile
communication. But still it is a challenge to decide a most appropriate routing protocol for MANET. In
MANET there is no fixed topology due to the mobility of nodes, interference, multipath propagation and
path loss. Since MANET does not use fixed infrastructure rather it always have to find suitable router and
routing path for each communication, existing established routing protocol is not suitable for MANET to
function properly. Different Routing protocols have been proposed to meet the challenges with MANETs.
This paper evaluates the performances of four MANET routing protocols which are DSDV, AODV, DSR
and TORA over TCP, a Transport Layer Protocol. The performance metrics which are considered in this
paper are packet delivery fractions, normalized routing overload, end to end delay and throughput. DSDV
is a proactive protocol and the others are reactive protocols.
This document discusses the Teredo protocol, which enables IPv6 connectivity for nodes located behind IPv4 NAT devices. It explains how Teredo works by tunneling IPv6 packets over UDP through NATs. While Teredo allows IPv6 connectivity, it also raises security concerns by bypassing security controls and allowing unsolicited traffic. The document analyzes attacks that could exploit vulnerabilities in Teredo tunnels, such as a denial of service attack against a Teredo server using a single packet. It investigates whether Teredo represents a security risk or is a worthwhile transition mechanism from IPv4 to IPv6.
Abstract— A MANETs is a self-configuring network is a collection of mobile hosts that are connected via a wireless link. Opportunistic data forwarding has drawn much attention in the research community of multihop wireless networks. Opportunistic data forwarding is the lack of an efficient, lightweight proactive routing scheme with strong source routing capability. In this project proposed to a lightweight proactive source routing (PSR) protocol. PSR can be maintained at different network topology information than distance vector (DV), link state (LS), optimized link State routing (OLSR), then reactive source routing [e.g., dynamic source routing (DSR)]. In this project concentrate on reducing the overhead at the base line protocols, then testing to the better data transportation. Network Simulator (NS-2) help in testing and implementing to this project for effectively reduced to the overhead in the data transportation.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Performance analysis on multihop transmission using arp routing protocol in i...eSAT Journals
This document discusses using the Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) routing protocol for multi-hop transmissions in IEEE 802.11 ad hoc networks. It proposes using ARP messages between nodes to establish routes for sending data when the source and destination nodes are out of radio range of each other. Intermediate nodes receiving ARP requests or replies would act as routers, forwarding the data to the destination. The method aims to reduce overhead compared to other ad hoc routing protocols like AODV. Simulation results showed the ARP routing protocol performed comparably to AODV in terms of throughput, packet loss and round trip time for different distances and environments.
A SURVEY OF ENHANCED ROUTING PROTOCOLS FOR MANETspijans
This document summarizes and surveys several enhanced routing protocols that have been developed for mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs). It begins by providing background on routing challenges in MANETs and classifications of routing protocols. It then describes several traditional and widely used routing protocols, including DSDV, OLSR, TORA, DSR, and AODV. The document focuses on summarizing several new routing protocols that have been proposed to improve upon existing protocols. It discusses protocols such as BAWB-DSR, CCSR, RAMP, AODV-SBA, CBRP-R, and CBTRP - noting techniques, advantages, and disadvantages of each. The overall purpose is to review
A Survey of Enhanced Routing Protocols for Manetspijans
Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (MANETs) form a class of dynamic multi-hop networks consisting of a set of
mobile nodes that intercommunicate on shared wireless channels. MANETs are self-organizing and selfconfiguring multi-hop wireless networks, where the network structure changes dynamically due to the node
mobility. There exists no fixed topology due to the mobility of nodes, interference, multipath propagation
and path loss. Hence efficient dynamic routing protocols are required for these networks to function
properly. Many routing protocols have been developed to accomplish this task. In this paper we survey
various new routing protocols that have been developed as extensions or advanced versions of previously
existing routing protocols for MANETs such as DSR, AODV, OLSR etc.
This document evaluates the performance of various routing protocols for ad hoc networks including AODV, DSDV, DSR, AOMDV, and geographic greedy forwarding. It compares the protocols based on metrics like percentage packet delivery, end-to-end delay, jitter, throughput, and number of packets dropped. The results show that geographic greedy forwarding generally performs better with higher packet delivery ratios, lower delays and jitter, and fewer dropped packets compared to the other protocols especially for a network of 50 nodes.
This document analyzes the effect of node density on different routing protocols under FTP and HTTP applications. It simulates scenarios with varying node densities (20-130 nodes) using routing protocols AODV, DSR, GRP and OLSR. Key quality of service (QoS) metrics - throughput, delay, network load and packet delivery ratio - are evaluated and compared. The results show that OLSR generally performs best in terms of throughput and delay for both FTP and HTTP applications. GRP performs best for network load, while AODV has the highest packet delivery ratio for FTP. In conclusion, OLSR is the best overall routing protocol for supporting FTP and HTTP applications in mobile ad-hoc networks according to
Migrating packet dropping in mobile ad hoc network based on modified ack-base...Alexander Decker
This document discusses migrating packet dropping in mobile ad-hoc networks using a modified ACK-based authentication scheme. It begins by introducing mobile ad-hoc networks and some of the security challenges they face, such as packet dropping attacks. It then discusses existing ACK-based authentication schemes and their limitations, such as generating a large overhead and having ambiguity when nodes refuse acknowledgments. The document proposes a modified ACK-based scheme that uses a secure channel to overcome these limitations and minimize packet dropping. It evaluates the proposed scheme through simulation experiments and finds it improves performance metrics like packet delivery ratio and throughput compared to not using a secure channel. In conclusion, the modified scheme is presented as a way to enhance node authentication and reduce packet dropping in mobile
Performance Comparison of AODV and DSDV Routing Protocols for Ad-hoc Wireless...Narendra Singh Yadav
This document compares the performance of two routing protocols for mobile ad hoc networks: Destination Sequenced Distance Vector (DSDV) and Ad Hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (AODV). It presents the results of simulations run using the ns-2 network simulator. The simulations varied the number of nodes, pause time (mobility rate), and number of data sources. The performance metrics measured were packet delivery ratio, average end-to-end delay, and normalized routing load. The results showed that AODV had higher packet delivery ratios and lower routing loads than DSDV. However, AODV experienced higher delays than DSDV due to its on-demand route discovery process. DSDV performed better in low
Study of Attacks and Routing Protocol in Wireless Networkijsrd.com
Wireless mesh networks (WMNs) are attractive as a new communication paradigm. Ad hoc routing protocols for WMNs are classified into: (1) proactive, (2) reactive, and (3) hybrid approaches. In general, proactive routing is more suitable for a stationary network, while reactive routing is better for a mobile network with a high mobility. In many applications, a node in WMN is mobile but it can fluctuate between being mobile. Wireless mesh networks is an emergent research area, which is becoming important due to the growing amount of nodes in a network.
This report summarizes the key components of networking, including different types of cables, IP addresses, network protocols, topologies, standards, and cabling categories. It discusses the basic elements used to establish a network, such as switches, routers, and client computers. It also explains concepts like TCP/IP, UDP, DHCP, LANs, WANs, the OSI model and more. Tables and diagrams are provided to illustrate networking concepts and components.
ANALYSIS OF PROACTIVE AND REACTIVE MANET ROUTING PROTOCOLS UNDER SELECTED TCP...ijasuc
This document analyzes the performance of two reactive MANET routing protocols, DSR and DSDV, under TCP Vegas and TCP Newreno variants through simulations. The simulations measured packet delivery ratio, average end-to-end delay, and total packets dropped. The results showed that DSDV generally had a higher packet delivery ratio but also higher end-to-end delay and more packet drops compared to DSR. DSR performed better in terms of delay and drops due to its on-demand route discovery, while DSDV maintained more consistent routes leading to better packet delivery.
Survey comparison estimation of various routing protocols in mobile ad hoc ne...ijdpsjournal
MANET is
an autonomous system of mobile nodes attached by wireless links. It represents
a complex and
dynamic distributed systems that consist of mobile wireless nodes that can freely self organize into
an ad
-
hoc network topology. The devices in the network may hav
e limited transmission
range therefore multiple
hops may be needed by one node to transfer data to another node in network. This leads to the need f
or an
effective routing protocol. In this paper we study various classifications of routing protocols and
th
eir types
for wireless mobile ad
-
hoc networks like DSDV, GSR, AODV, DSR, ZRP, FSR, CGSR, LAR, and Geocast
Protocols. In this paper we also compare different routing proto
cols on based on a given set of
parameters
Scalability, Latency, Bandwidth, Control
-
ov
erhead, Mobility impact
Survey comparison estimation of various routing protocols in mobile ad hoc ne...ijdpsjournal
This document summarizes and compares various routing protocols for mobile ad-hoc networks (MANETs). It first describes the characteristics and challenges of MANETs. It then classifies routing protocols for MANETs into three main categories: table-driven (proactive), on-demand (reactive), and hybrid protocols. Examples of protocols from each category are described in detail, including DSDV, AODV, DSR, and ZRP. Key features such as route discovery, table maintenance, and use of proactive and reactive approaches are discussed for each example protocol. Finally, the document compares different protocols based on parameters like scalability, latency, bandwidth overhead, and mobility impact.
Change is the only thing which is constant in this
today’s era. Constant technology updates demand building up
and falling down of infrastructure along with cost involvement.
Today there is a need of adaptive infrastructure called Ad hoc
network.
Ad hoc network is a collection of two or more nodes with
wireless communication having network capability that they can
communicate without centralized manner. So, at any time host
devices may act as a router or as a node. Ad hoc networks can be
erected as wireless technology, comprising of Radio Frequency
(RF) and infrared frequency.
Wireless Ad hoc network is Temporary, Infrastructure less,
Decentralized, self-organized packet switched network. In this
network topology changes dynamically which can results change
in link failure or broken. In this paper we evaluate the
performance parameters like Throughput, End-to-End Delay and
Packet Delivery Ratio of AODV (ad hoc on Demand Vector) and
DSDV (Destination Sequential Distance Vector) protocol. The
simulation tool used is Network Simulator 2 -2.35
The document discusses network protocols and the OSI model. It describes the 7 layers of the OSI model from the physical layer to the application layer. It then discusses the TCP/IP protocol suite and its 5 layers. For each layer, it outlines the main responsibilities and protocols that are part of that layer such as IP, ICMP, DHCP, TCP, and others. It also discusses some common routing protocols like RIP, OSPF, and BGP. Finally, it covers issues with using TCP over wireless networks and some proposed solutions to improve its performance.
Detection of Duplicate Address in Mobile Adhoc Networks for On Demand Routing...IJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
Similaire à A Survey On IP Address Assignment In A Mobile Ad Hoc (20)
No One Can Write My Essay For Me Freely. Online assignment writing service.Kristen Flores
The book of Esther takes place in the Persian Empire during King Ahasuerus' reign. Esther, a Jew whose parents had died, was taken in by her cousin Mordecai. At the king's command, a beauty pageant was held to find a new queen. Esther entered and won. Meanwhile, the king's prime minister Haman plotted to kill all Jews, including Mordecai and Esther. Through Esther's intervention with the king, the Jews were spared and Haman was executed.
What Are Good Topics For An Argumentative ResearcKristen Flores
1. Earth is the only known planet capable of supporting life. It has the necessary conditions like a temperature range conducive to liquid water, abundant water, and other elements essential for life like carbon and oxygen.
2. Life plays a crucial role in regulating Earth's climate and atmosphere. Plants and algae produce oxygen and absorb carbon dioxide, keeping temperatures stable.
3. All of humanity relies on Earth's living systems like forests and oceans for survival. We depend on ecosystems for food, medicine, clean air and water. The extinction of species threatens our own existence on the planet.
The Yellow Wallpaper Essay Outline - Wall.GiftWatches.COKristen Flores
This document outlines the steps to request a paper writing service from the website HelpWriting.net. It explains that users must first create an account with a password and email. They can then submit a request form with instructions, sources, and deadline. Writers will bid on the request and users can choose a writer based on qualifications. The writer will complete the paper and users can request revisions until satisfied. The website promises original, high-quality papers and refunds for plagiarized work.
Conclusion Of A Comparative Essay. Online assignment writing service.Kristen Flores
The document provides instructions for completing an assignment writing request on the HelpWriting.net website in 5 steps: 1) Create an account; 2) Complete an order form with instructions and deadline; 3) Review writer bids and choose one; 4) Review the completed paper and authorize payment; 5) Request revisions to ensure satisfaction. The conclusion restates that the site aims to fully meet customer needs with original, high-quality content or refunds.
PPT - APA Handbook For Writers Of Research PaperKristen Flores
The document discusses the history and effects of computer technology on society. It outlines some of the major developments in computer technology from early devices like the abacus to modern personal computers. The introduction of computers required a trained workforce to operate and program them. Magnetic storage allowed for more organization and analysis of data, enabling new discoveries. Personal computers became smaller over time and started appearing in homes in the 1970s-1980s, changing how people work and live.
013 First Day College Essay My At In English Quotations For 2Nd YearKristen Flores
The document provides instructions for how to request an assignment writing service from HelpWriting.net. It outlines a 5-step process: 1) Create an account with a password and email. 2) Complete an order form with instructions, sources, and deadline. 3) Review bids from writers and choose one. 4) Review the completed paper and authorize payment. 5) Request revisions until satisfied. It emphasizes that original, high-quality content is guaranteed, with a full refund for plagiarism.
1. The document discusses how to request and complete an assignment writing request on the HelpWriting.net site. It involves creating an account, completing an order form with instructions and deadline, and reviewing writer bids before choosing a writer and placing a deposit.
2. After receiving the completed paper, the customer reviews it and can request revisions if needed before authorizing final payment. HelpWriting.net offers revisions and refunds if plagiarism is found.
3. The process aims to match customers with qualified writers based on bids, qualifications, and feedback to fully meet the customer's needs for an original, high-quality written assignment.
Common College Essay Cliches. Online assignment writing service.Kristen Flores
The document provides information about the five steps to get assignment writing help from the website HelpWriting.net. It explains that students must first create an account, then complete a 10-minute order form providing instructions and deadlines. Writers will bid on the request and students can choose a writer based on qualifications. After receiving the paper, students can request revisions if needed. HelpWriting.net promises original, high-quality content and refunds for plagiarized work.
The Best White Pens For Writing On Black PaperKristen Flores
The document discusses using the Microsoft Kinect technology to analyze human skeletal structures for authentication purposes. It notes that while Kinect was initially created for gaming, it has potential for other uses like human authentication based on skeletal anatomy tracking. This would provide a more advanced and reliable security system compared to other options. The document introduces the topic and concept of using Kinect's skeletal tracking abilities for authentication.
Pin By Cindy Campbell On GrammarEnglish Language Essay WKristen Flores
The document describes a 5-step process for requesting writing assistance from an online service called HelpWriting.net, including creating an account, providing assignment details in an order form, choosing a writer based on their bid, placing a deposit, and then receiving and approving the completed paper which can undergo free revisions. The process aims to match clients with qualified writers to complete assignments while allowing for feedback and revisions until the client is satisfied.
The document discusses the author's passion for literature from a young age and their desire to become an educator to share this passion with students. As a child, the author brought 37 books to a class assignment that only asked for 10, showing their immense love of reading. This love grew over time and the author realized teaching was the best way to spread their appreciation of words. As an educator, the author aims to expose students to a diverse range of topics and perspectives to challenge assumptions and ignite curiosity, just as books like Frankenstein did for them. The goal is to engage students and help them view literature through an interpretive lens to make it more meaningful.
1. E Ink considered several market opportunities and business models leveraging their unique E Ink technology when starting out.
2. In 1999, E Ink acquired 26 patents to protect their technology from being replicated by other firms.
3. E Ink focused on building a high quality team and raising funds from investors with expertise in technology and media beyond just finances.
Funny College Essay Oedipus. Online assignment writing service.Kristen Flores
The document discusses the ghost in William Shakespeare's play Hamlet. The ghost causes Hamlet to react in various ways to the world around him and to his uncle Claudius, the murderer of Hamlet's father. The ghost commands Hamlet to take revenge on Claudius. This command affects Hamlet profoundly, shifting him from psychological disorder to accepting reality, and from hesitation to taking action against Claudius. The ghost plays a pivotal role in revealing the truth and driving the plot.
Pin By Jeni LaVon On Homeschool Essa. Online assignment writing service.Kristen Flores
The document discusses the role and responsibilities of health care administrators. It notes that administering health care organizations is challenging due to complexities in delivery, accessibility, financing, determining outcomes, pricing, and decision-making. As such, administrators play an important role in overseeing operations, addressing challenges, and ensuring quality, affordable care for patients. Their duties include managing staff, budgets, quality assurance programs, community relations, and regulatory compliance. Effective leadership is key to guiding health care organizations successfully.
Write A Short Essay On Effect Of Online Education EssaKristen Flores
The document provides a 5-step process for requesting an assignment to be written by the HelpWriting.net service. It explains that users must first create an account, then complete an order form with instructions and deadline. Writers will bid on the request, and the user can choose a writer based on qualifications. The user pays a deposit to start the assignment, and can request revisions until satisfied. HelpWriting.net promises original, high-quality content and refunds for plagiarized work.
Real College Essays That Work. Essays That WorkedKristen Flores
This summary provides the key details about Stephen King's use of literary elements in his book "On Writing" in 3 sentences:
King effectively uses literary elements like figurative language and vivid descriptions to convey meaning and allow readers to connect with his writing. For example, he depicts Mary Karr's memory as an "unbroken panorama" while describing his own memory as a "fogged out landscape" to differentiate their childhood recollections. Through these techniques, King is able to portray vivid images and feelings in the reader's mind.
Write Legal Statement Of Facts With Samples TemKristen Flores
The document provides instructions for creating an account and submitting an assignment request on the HelpWriting.net website. It involves 5 steps: 1) Creating an account by providing a password and email. 2) Completing a form with assignment details, sources, and deadline. 3) Reviewing bids from writers and choosing one. 4) Reviewing the completed paper and authorizing payment. 5) Requesting revisions to ensure satisfaction, with a refund option for plagiarism.
Are Painting Titles In Quotes - GroomindianweddingoutfitsindowesternKristen Flores
The document provides instructions for requesting an assignment writing service from HelpWriting.net. It outlines 5 steps: 1) Create an account with an email and password. 2) Complete a 10-minute order form providing instructions, sources, and deadline. 3) Review bids from writers and choose one based on qualifications. 4) Review the completed paper and authorize payment if pleased. 5) Request revisions until fully satisfied, with the option of a full refund for plagiarized work. The process aims to ensure customer satisfaction through competitive bidding, revisions, and a quality guarantee.
024 How To Conclude An Essay Example Figure Paragraphs1 ThatsKristen Flores
The document provides instructions for how to request and complete an assignment writing request on the HelpWriting.net website. It outlines a 5-step process: 1) Create an account with an email and password. 2) Complete an order form with instructions, sources, and deadline. 3) Review bids from writers and choose one. 4) Review the completed paper and authorize payment. 5) Request revisions until satisfied with the work. The document promises original, high-quality content and refunds for plagiarized work.
Print Sheets Two Lines First Grade W. Online assignment writing service.Kristen Flores
The Total Supply Chain Cost (TSCC) program developed by Owens & Minor and Virginia Mason Medical Center aims to lower costs for both parties. It assigns all distribution and inventory costs to Virginia Mason while guaranteeing Owens & Minor a profit. TSCC uses an "Alpha system" where Virginia Mason exclusively partners with select vendors. This consolidated approach streamlines purchasing and reduces costs compared to working with multiple vendors. An example shows it could save over $42,000 for a medical facility compared to switching just one supply type, like sutures, to a non-Alpha vendor.
This document provides an overview of wound healing, its functions, stages, mechanisms, factors affecting it, and complications.
A wound is a break in the integrity of the skin or tissues, which may be associated with disruption of the structure and function.
Healing is the body’s response to injury in an attempt to restore normal structure and functions.
Healing can occur in two ways: Regeneration and Repair
There are 4 phases of wound healing: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. This document also describes the mechanism of wound healing. Factors that affect healing include infection, uncontrolled diabetes, poor nutrition, age, anemia, the presence of foreign bodies, etc.
Complications of wound healing like infection, hyperpigmentation of scar, contractures, and keloid formation.
Leveraging Generative AI to Drive Nonprofit InnovationTechSoup
In this webinar, participants learned how to utilize Generative AI to streamline operations and elevate member engagement. Amazon Web Service experts provided a customer specific use cases and dived into low/no-code tools that are quick and easy to deploy through Amazon Web Service (AWS.)
Temple of Asclepius in Thrace. Excavation resultsKrassimira Luka
The temple and the sanctuary around were dedicated to Asklepios Zmidrenus. This name has been known since 1875 when an inscription dedicated to him was discovered in Rome. The inscription is dated in 227 AD and was left by soldiers originating from the city of Philippopolis (modern Plovdiv).
Level 3 NCEA - NZ: A Nation In the Making 1872 - 1900 SML.pptHenry Hollis
The History of NZ 1870-1900.
Making of a Nation.
From the NZ Wars to Liberals,
Richard Seddon, George Grey,
Social Laboratory, New Zealand,
Confiscations, Kotahitanga, Kingitanga, Parliament, Suffrage, Repudiation, Economic Change, Agriculture, Gold Mining, Timber, Flax, Sheep, Dairying,
🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥
إضغ بين إيديكم من أقوى الملازم التي صممتها
ملزمة تشريح الجهاز الهيكلي (نظري 3)
💀💀💀💀💀💀💀💀💀💀
تتميز هذهِ الملزمة بعِدة مُميزات :
1- مُترجمة ترجمة تُناسب جميع المستويات
2- تحتوي على 78 رسم توضيحي لكل كلمة موجودة بالملزمة (لكل كلمة !!!!)
#فهم_ماكو_درخ
3- دقة الكتابة والصور عالية جداً جداً جداً
4- هُنالك بعض المعلومات تم توضيحها بشكل تفصيلي جداً (تُعتبر لدى الطالب أو الطالبة بإنها معلومات مُبهمة ومع ذلك تم توضيح هذهِ المعلومات المُبهمة بشكل تفصيلي جداً
5- الملزمة تشرح نفسها ب نفسها بس تكلك تعال اقراني
6- تحتوي الملزمة في اول سلايد على خارطة تتضمن جميع تفرُعات معلومات الجهاز الهيكلي المذكورة في هذهِ الملزمة
واخيراً هذهِ الملزمة حلالٌ عليكم وإتمنى منكم إن تدعولي بالخير والصحة والعافية فقط
كل التوفيق زملائي وزميلاتي ، زميلكم محمد الذهبي 💊💊
🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptxDenish Jangid
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
Elevate Your Nonprofit's Online Presence_ A Guide to Effective SEO Strategies...TechSoup
Whether you're new to SEO or looking to refine your existing strategies, this webinar will provide you with actionable insights and practical tips to elevate your nonprofit's online presence.
A Survey On IP Address Assignment In A Mobile Ad Hoc
1. A Survey on IP Address Assignment in a Mobile
Ad Hoc Network
Vibhoo Sachan
M-Tech (Final Year)
Computer SC.& ENGG. KNIT
Sultanpur
Samir Srivastava
Associate Professor
Computer sc. &engg. Deptt. KNIT
Sultanpur (U.P) India
Dr. P.K.Singh
Associate Professor
Computer sc.& engg. Deptt.
Mmmut Gorakhpur (U.P) India
Abstract—A Mobile Ad hoc Network (MANET) is an
infrastructure-less, continuously self-configuring and
temporary multi-hop wireless network, which is consisting of
mobile nodes or group of mobile nodes. The topologies of the
network can changes frequently due to unpredictable mobility
of nodes. Ip addressing protocol is to automatically assign a
unique network address to an un-configured node in the
network so that it can communicate with the other un-
configured nodes in the network via multi-hop wireless links.
In order to allow continuously and infrastructure-less
networking, a protocol is needed for dynamically assign Ip
addresses to un-configured nodes, because pre-configuration
of addresses is not possible due to unpredictable mobility of
nodes and every node must configure its network interface
with a unique address in order to communicate with other
nodes so that the packets can be relayed hop by hop and
delivered to the destination. Ip address assignment in mobile
ad hoc network is a challenging task. In recent years, various
Ip addressing protocols have been proposed in the literature
to solve this problem.
Keywords—mobile ad hoc network, auto-configuration,
spanning tree, variable length address, address allocation,
duplicate address detection
I.INTRODUCTION
A mobile ad hoc network (MANET) is an autonomous self-
organizing independent wireless mobile nodes or groups of
Mobile nodes, which is infrastructure-less and
spontaneously form an Ip-based network. The addresses are
allocated by the nodes and each node functions as an end
host and a wire-less relay. Automatic address allocation by
nodes, increases the speed of auto-configuring a new node
or a new network as minimal infrastructure is required. Ip
address assignment in MANETs is an unresolved and
challenging issue due to random mobility of nodes or
networks, in which the nodes frequently changes their
position or leaves the current network and join another
network. It means a node requires new unique Ip address to
join new network. Nodes are free to move in any direction
in MANETs and consists of peer-to-peer self-forming
network which has routable networking environment on the
top of a link layer ad hoc network. In this type of network,
a route between any two hosts may consist of multiple hops
through one or more nodes. So mobile nodes are acts as
router which forwards the packets to the correct destination
node. The primary challenge in building a MANET is
equipping each device to continuously maintain the
information required to properly route traffic.
In general, ip addressing protocols proposed for mobile ad
hoc networks can be classified into three categories,
approaches, stateless approaches and hybrid approaches. A
stateful approach [24] assumes the existence of a central
entity to keep an address allocation table for whole
network, thus the network has to maintain state information
about already used and/or free addresses and assigns unique
address for un-configured node. However, when two or
more subnet merges, it is highly difficult to synchronize
multiple central entities. Stateless approaches do not have a
central entity to maintain an address allocation table.
Instead of having central entity, each node have the same
address pool which means they must maintain global
allocation state information and selects an address by itself
and verifies its uniqueness with the duplicate address
detection (DAD) [11] procedure. If duplication is detected,
at least one of the nodes with duplicate addresses must
change its address. Hybrid approaches combine both
stateful and stateless approaches by maintaining an address
allocation [2] table and performing a duplicate address
detection (DAD), which can increase the robustness, but
may result in higher complexity and higher protocol
overhead.
Variable addressing scheme: In mobile ad hoc networks,
pre-configuration is not always possible. So, an auto-
configuration protocol is required to provide allocation of
node’s address dynamically. Recent ad hoc routing
architectures use flat addressing which uses fixed length for
addressing each node. The overhead in control packets of
source routing is reduced highly with variable addressing
scheme. This routing address length is variable, but remains
same for all the nodes in the network at one point of time.
This technique allocates addresses in such a way that
nearby nodes have same prefixes, thereby helping the
routing protocols [1] to make use of the location
information of nodes from their addresses.
II. BACKGROUND
In this section, we describe the traditional address
allocation schemes [2] and explain why they cannot be
directly applied in MANETs. The address allocation
schemes can be in general classified into stateful schemes
or stateless schemes. The stateful schemes keep state
information in a database that keeps track of which
addresses have been assigned to which computers; while
the stateless schemes allows the computers to select an
address by themselves and perform a procedure, called
Duplicate Address Detection (DAD).
Vibhoo Sachan et al, / (IJCSIT) International Journal of Computer Science and Information Technologies, Vol. 6 (3) , 2015, 2541-2544
www.ijcsit.com 2541
2. III. REQUIREMENTS
(i) A protocol for IP addresses assignment should meet the
following requirements: The protocol should make sure
that only authorized nodes are entered and configured into
network resources.
(ii) There should not be any conflict in IP address
assignment, i.e., at any given point of time no two or more
nodes with the same IP address.
(iii) When an IP is assigned, it means the node is inside the
network. When the node leaves the network, its IP address
should become free for assignment to other requesting
nodes.
(iv) Protocol should handle network partitioning and
merging. When two different partitions merge, then there is
a possibility that two or more nodes have the same IP
address. Such duplicate addresses should be detected and
resolved.
IV.EXISTING IP PROTOCOLS
4.1. Best Effort Allocation
4.1.1. Prophet Scheme [14]: A conflict free distributed
address configuration scheme named Prophet
Address Allocation using a function f (n) that
produces a series of random numbers for address
allocation. The first node generates a random
number and sets its IP address. It also uses a random
state value as the seed for its f (n). Another node can
get an IP address from node A along with a state
value as the seed for its f (n). Whenever a node joins
the MANET, the same process continues for the
address allocation. Prophet address allocation
outperforms the others in terms of communication
overhead (i.e., the total number of control packets
generated to ensure the uniqueness of a new IP
address) and latency (i.e., the time needed to
generate a unique IP address). Thus, prophet address
allocation has better scalability that the other
schemes.
4.1.2. Weak Dad [11]: This mechanism is used for the
purpose of detecting address duplication during ad
hoc routing and prevents a packet from being routed
to a wrong destination. In this technique a unique
key for each node is included in the routing control
packets and in the routing table entries. When
mobile node receives a routing control packet, it
compares pair of address and key contained in the
packet with those in the routing table.
4.1.3. Passive DAD [12]: in this mechanism each node uses
periodic link state routing information to notify other
nodes about their neighbors. It is usually very costly
and will result higher redundancy and collision.
4.2. Leader Based Allocation
4.2.1. DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol) [8]:
DHCP is the first mechanism proposed for
dynamically assigning IP addresses. which is based
on a client/server architecture .DHCP has a central
entity, the DHCP server, is responsible for assigning
IPs for requesting nodes and maintaining the state
for each address of the available address range, thus
address duplication is totally avoided. DHCP is
widely used in Ethernets and Wireless LANs.
4.2.2. DACP [15] (Dynamic Address Configuration
Protocol): This mechanism is used to ensure
duplicate address detection while minimizing the
participation of network nodes. In DACP, the leader
is an elected Address Authority (AA) that maintains
the state information of the network, such as the
node addresses, as well as their lease lifetime and a
unique network identifier. The main drawback of
this protocol is due to DAD that causes high
overhead.
4.2.3. ODACP (Optimized DACP) [10]: To overcome the
overhead caused by DACP, this is introduced
without DAD [11].ODACP is in such a manner, that
if the node receives a registration confirmation
message after it already requested a new IP address,
the new node will use the IP address contained in the
reply message and skip the waiting for the new
registration request (that means, the new node
ignores all new incoming registration responses).
4.3. Decentralized Allocation [10]
4.3.1. MANETCONF [18]: It is an “Agent Based
Addressing” where only one node is responsible for
assigning addresses and maintaining the allocation
table, Manetconf prevents concurrent assignment of
the same address by maintaining an additional
allocation table for pending allocations. Thus, the
synchronization of these distributed tables
constitutes the most critical and complex task of this
protocol. The main advantage is that it has low
communication overhead.
4.3.2. AAA (AD-HOC ADDRESS AUTO-
CONFIGURATION) [19]: addresses are randomly
selected from the address range 169.254/16.
Duplicate address detection (DAD) is performed by
each node to guarantee the uniqueness of the
selected address. During this process, a node floods
an Address Request message in the network to query
for the usage of its tentative address. If the address is
already in use, an Address Reply message is unicast
back to the requesting node so that a different
address can be selected. The absence of an Address
Reply indicates the availability of the requested
address.
4.3.3. PRIME DHCP [20]: It can allocate addresses to the
hosts without broadcasting over the whole MANET.
The concept of DHCP proxies and the prime
numbering address allocation algorithm (PNAA)
together eliminate the needs for broadcasting in the
MANET. It can significantly reduce the signal
overhead and the latency
4.3.4. AIPAC (AUTOMATIC IP ADDRESS
CONFIGURATION) [21]: This protocol assigns
unique IP address to each node of wide and very
dynamic ad hoc networks. The main purpose is to
watch over the bounded resources of devices in the
ad hoc network. This protocol manages possible
duplicate addresses due to the mobility of nodes in
Vibhoo Sachan et al, / (IJCSIT) International Journal of Computer Science and Information Technologies, Vol. 6 (3) , 2015, 2541-2544
www.ijcsit.com 2542
4. [20] Y. Hsu, C. Tseng, Prime dhcp: a prime numbering address allocation
mechanism for manets, in: IEEE Communicatons, August 2005.
[21] M. Fazio, M. Villari, A. Puliafito, Aipac: automatic ip address
configuration in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks, Performance Evaluation
of Wireless Networks and Communications Computer
Communications 29 (8) (2006) 1189–1200.
[22] R. Finlayson, T. Mann, J. Mogul, and M. Theimer. A reverse address
resolution protocol.RFC 903, June 1984.
[23] B. Croft, and J. Gilmore. BOOTSTRAP PROTOCOL (BOOTP).
RFC 951, September 1985.
[24] S. Thomson, and T. Norten. Ipv6 stateless address autoconfiguration.
RFC 2462, December 1998.
[25] B. Aboba, S. Cheshire, and E. Guttman. Dynamic configuration of
ipv4 link-local addresses. In IETF Internet draft, July 2004, Work in
Progress, http://files.zeroconf.org/draft-ietf-zeroconfipv4-
linklocal.txt, July 2004.
[26] DuplicateMACAddresses on Cisco 3600 Series,
http://www.cisco.com/warp/public/770/7.html, 1997.
[27] Zhihua Hu & Baochun Li., “ZAL: Zero-Maintenance Address
Allocation in mobile Wireless Ad Hoc Networks,” Pro-ceedings of
25th ICDCS 2005, pp 103-112, Columbus, Ohio, June 6-9, 2005.
[28] A. Cavalli, J. Orset, Secure hosts auto-configuration in Mobile Ad
Hoc Networks, Data Communication and Topology Control in Ad
Hoc Networks Ad Hoc Networks 3 (5) (2005) 656–667.
[29] X. Chu, Y. Sun, K. Xu, Z. Sakander, J. Liu, Quadratic residue based
address allocation for Mobile Ad Hoc Networks,
in:Communications, 2008. ICC ’08. IEEE International Conference
on, 2008.
Vibhoo Sachan et al, / (IJCSIT) International Journal of Computer Science and Information Technologies, Vol. 6 (3) , 2015, 2541-2544
www.ijcsit.com 2544