HUMAN ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2 Unit 1 hand written notes
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THIS IS PDF FILE OF UNIT 1 B PHARMA SECOND SEMESTER HUMANA ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
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Human anatomy and physiology 2 unit 2 hand written notes (digestive system)
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digestive system, parts of digestive system, git tract, disorders of git
Carbohydrate metabolism, Biological oxidation, Biochemistry unit 2 b pharm
Carbohydrate metabolism
Glycolysis – Pathway, energetics and significance
Citric acid cycle- Pathway, energetics and significance
HMP shunt and its significance; Glucose-6-Phosphate dehydrogenase
(G6PD) deficiency
Glycogen metabolism Pathways and glycogen storage diseases (GSD)
Gluconeogenesis- Pathway and its significance
Hormonal regulation of blood glucose level and Diabetes mellitus Biological oxidation
Electron transport chain (ETC) and its mechanism.
Oxidative phosphorylation & its mechanism and substrate
phosphorylation
Inhibitors ETC and oxidative phosphorylation/Uncouples
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Digestive System - Human Anatomy & Physiology II
The digestive system breaks down food into nutrients that can be absorbed and used by the body. Digestion begins in the mouth and then food travels to the stomach where it is stored, mixed with gastric juices, and broken down further. The partially digested food moves to the small intestine, where most absorption occurs with the help of enzymes from the pancreas and liver. Nutrients then enter the bloodstream and are used for energy, growth, and cell repair throughout the body.
Recommandé
Human anatomy and physiology 2 unit 2 hand written notes (digestive system)
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digestive system, parts of digestive system, git tract, disorders of git
Carbohydrate metabolism, Biological oxidation, Biochemistry unit 2 b pharm
Carbohydrate metabolism
Glycolysis – Pathway, energetics and significance
Citric acid cycle- Pathway, energetics and significance
HMP shunt and its significance; Glucose-6-Phosphate dehydrogenase
(G6PD) deficiency
Glycogen metabolism Pathways and glycogen storage diseases (GSD)
Gluconeogenesis- Pathway and its significance
Hormonal regulation of blood glucose level and Diabetes mellitus Biological oxidation
Electron transport chain (ETC) and its mechanism.
Oxidative phosphorylation & its mechanism and substrate
phosphorylation
Inhibitors ETC and oxidative phosphorylation/Uncouples
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Classification nomenclature and isomerism, handwriting note of organic chemis...
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IUPAC NOMENCLATURE
Major intra and extra cellular electrolytes pharmaceutical inorganic chemist...
This document discusses the history and development of the city of Springfield over several decades. It outlines the growth of the population from the early 1900s through the 1930s as the city expanded and attracted new residents and businesses. Several new residential and commercial areas were constructed during this period as Springfield became a larger urban center.
Basic principles of Cell injury and Adaptation, Basic mechanism involved in t...
The document discusses the history and evolution of the internet over the past 50 years, from its origins as a US military program called ARPANET in the 1960s to connect government researchers, to its commercialization and widespread adoption by consumers in the 1990s and 2000s. It describes some of the key developments that enabled the internet to become a global network, including the creation of TCP/IP protocols, the introduction of web browsers, and the establishment of commercial internet service providers. The document concludes by noting that while the internet has transformed society and business, many challenges remain regarding privacy, security, regulation, and equal access.
Digestive System - Human Anatomy & Physiology II
The digestive system breaks down food into nutrients that can be absorbed and used by the body. Digestion begins in the mouth and then food travels to the stomach where it is stored, mixed with gastric juices, and broken down further. The partially digested food moves to the small intestine, where most absorption occurs with the help of enzymes from the pancreas and liver. Nutrients then enter the bloodstream and are used for energy, growth, and cell repair throughout the body.
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The document discusses the benefits of meditation for reducing stress and anxiety. Regular meditation practice can help calm the mind and body by lowering heart rate and blood pressure. Studies have shown that meditating for just 10-20 minutes per day can have significant positive impacts on both mental and physical health over time.
Powders
Pharmaceutical powders are solid dosage forms containing one or more drugs in finely divided form, with or without excipients. They have advantages like faster onset of action compared to other oral solid dosage forms. Powders are classified based on their intended use and formulation. They include bulk powders, simple/compound powders enclosed in papers or capsules, and compressed powders made into tablets. Proper mixing and packaging is important for powder formulations to ensure uniform drug content and stability.
Expectorant and emetics ppt
Expectorants are agents that enhance sputum secretion from the respiratory tract and facilitate removal of bronchopulmonary mucus. They are classified as sedatives like ipecac or stimulants like eucalyptus oil. Potassium iodide is a sedative expectorant prepared by reacting iodine with potassium hydroxide or using iron fillings with potassium carbonate. Ammonium chloride is also a sedative expectorant made by neutralizing hydrochloric acid with ammonia. Emetics induce vomiting by stimulating the chemoreceptor trigger zone or irritating the GI tract. Copper sulphate is a common emetic that is prepared as blue crystals through a two-
Pharmacopoeias
The document provides information about various pharmacopoeias including the Indian Pharmacopoeia, British Pharmacopoeia, and United States Pharmacopoeia. It discusses the history and development of these pharmacopoeias, including information about new editions and monographs. The key details provided include that pharmacopoeias are official compendiums that provide drug standards and descriptions, the Indian Pharmacopoeia was first published in 1955 and is now in its 7th edition, and the British and US Pharmacopoeias have been published annually with the addition of new monographs in each edition.
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Respiratory System Notes
The document provides an overview of the human respiratory system, including its key functions, organs, and mechanics. The respiratory system functions to exchange gases, purify air, and produce sound. Its organs include the nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs. Within the lungs, gas exchange takes place in tiny air sacs called alveoli. Breathing is driven by the contraction and relaxation of the diaphragm and intercostal muscles, pulling air into and pushing air out of the lungs.
SOURCES OF ERROR IN PRESCRIPTION
SOURCES OF ERROR IN PRESCRIPTION
1. Abbreviation
2. Name of the drug
3. Strength of the preparation
4. Dosage form of the drug prescribed
5. Dose
6. Instructions for the patient
7. Incompatibilities
1. ABBREVIATION
Abbreviation presents a problem in understanding parts of
prescription order.
Extreme care should be taken by a pharmacist in interpreting the
abbreviation.
Pharmacist should not guess at the meaning of an ambiguous
abbreviation.
E.g: Dispense Achromycin for “Achro” may cause difficulty when a
intention of the prescriber is to dispense Achrostatin.
2. NAME OF THE DRUG
There are certain drugs whose name look or sound like those of
other drugs.
E.g: Digitoxin Digoxin
Prednisone Prednisolone
3. STRENGTH OF THE PREPARATION
The strength of preparation should be stated by prescriber.
It is essential when various strengths of a product are available in
the market.
E.g: It will be a wrong decision on the part of pharmacist to
dispense paracetamol tablet 500 mg when prescription for
paracetamol tablet is received with no specific strength.
4. DOSAGE FORM OF THE DRUG PRESCRIBED
Many medicines are available in more than one dosage form.
E.g: Liquid, Tablet, Capsule and Suppository.
The pharmaceutical form of the product should be written on the
prescription in order to avoid ambiguity.
5. DOSE
Unusually high or low doses should be discussed with the
prescriber.
Paediatric dosage may present a problem. So pharmacist should
consult paediatric posology to avoid any error.
Sometimes a reasonable dose is administered too frequently.
E.g: A prescription for sustained release formulation to be
administered after every 4 hours should thoroughly check
because such dosage forms are usually administered only two or
three times a day.
6. INSTRUCTIONS FOR THE PATIENT
The instructions for the patient which are given in the
prescription are incomplete or omitted.
The quantity of the drug to be taken, the frequently and timing of
administration and route of administration should clearly give in
the prescription so as to avoid confusion.
7. INCOMPATIBILITIES
It is essential to check that there are no pharmaceutical or
therapeutic incompatibilities in a prescribed preparation and
that different medicines prescribed for the same patient do not
interact with each other to produce any harm to the patient.
Certain antibiotics should not be given with meals since it
significantly decrease the absorption of the drug.
Impurities and their limit test
This document discusses impurities in pharmaceuticals and limit testing. It defines impurity as any undesired material that affects the purity of the substance. Impurities can come from raw materials, reagents, manufacturing processes, storage conditions, or deliberate adulteration. Limit tests are used to check pharmaceuticals for common toxic impurities like arsenic, lead, iron and ensure they are below safe levels. Proper testing of impurities is important to ensure pharmaceuticals are safe and effective.
Skeletal system pharma
The skeletal system consists of bones, cartilages, and ligaments that provide structure, protection, movement, and blood cell formation. The axial skeleton forms the body's longitudinal axis and includes the skull, vertebral column, and thoracic cage. The appendicular skeleton includes the bones of the upper and lower limbs that attach to the axial skeleton. Long bones have a diaphysis shaft and epiphyses ends. The skull is formed from multiple flat bones that protect the brain and sense organs. The vertebral column consists of vertebrae separated by intervertebral discs that allow flexibility. The rib cage includes ribs and sternum and protects the heart and lungs.
Calamine lotion
This document provides instructions for preparing and dispensing 20 ml of calamine lotion. It lists the ingredients needed which include calamine, ZnO, bentonite, glycerine and water. The procedure explains how to weigh and grind the dry ingredients, add the liquids to make a paste, transfer to a measuring cylinder and bottle, and label and dispense the finished lotion. Some key notes about calamine lotion are that it is used for conditions like eczema, sunburn and itching and works by forming a protective coating on the skin.
Therapeutic and diagnostic applications of enzymes isozymes and coenzymes
This document discusses therapeutic and diagnostic applications of enzymes, isoenzymes, and coenzymes. It provides examples of how enzymes are used therapeutically to aid digestion, act as anti-clotting agents, and treat various conditions. It also discusses how enzymes are used diagnostically to detect levels of substances like glucose, liver enzymes, and more. The document then explains isoenzymes and provides an example of lactate dehydrogenase isoenzymes. Finally, it discusses several important coenzymes like NAD, FAD, biotin, vitamin B12 and their roles in biochemical reactions and maintaining health.
Gastrointestinal agents
This document provides information about gastrointestinal agents (GI agents), which are drugs used to treat GI disorders. It discusses the classifications of GI agents including acidifying agents, antacids, protectives, adsorbents, and cathartics. It then describes common antacids including aluminum hydroxide gel, calcium carbonate, and magnesium salts. The ideal characteristics of antacids are outlined. Common calcium-containing and magnesium-containing antacids are also discussed in more detail.
Pathophysiology B Pharm 2nd Semester
Pathophysiology B Pharm 2nd semester
CONTENTS
1. Introduction
2. Course Description
3. Course Outcomes
4. Text and Reference Books
5. Syllabus
6. Question Paper Pattern
7. Evaluation Scheme
Pathophysiology is the study of causes of diseases and reactions of the body to such disease producing causes.
This course is designed to impart a thorough knowledge of the relevant aspects of pathology of various conditions with reference to its pharmacological applications, and understanding of basic pathophysiological mechanisms.
Expected outcomes
1. Describe the etiology and pathogenesis of the selected disease states
2. Name the signs and symptoms of the diseases
3. Mention the complications of the diseases.
SYLLABUS
Basic principles of Cell injury and Adaptation
Introduction, definitions, Homeostasis, Components and Types of Feedback systems, Causes of cellular injury, Pathogenesis (Cell membrane damage, Mitochondrial damage, Ribosome damage, Nuclear damage), Morphology of cell injury – Adaptive changes (Atrophy, Hypertrophy, hyperplasia, Metaplasia, Dysplasia), Cell swelling, Intra cellular accumulation, Calcification, Enzyme leakage and Cell Death Acidosis & Alkalosis, Electrolyte imbalance.
Basic mechanism involved in the process of Inflammation and Repair
Introduction, Clinical signs of inflammation, Different types of Inflammation, Mechanism of Inflammation – Alteration in vascular permeability and blood flow, migration of WBC’s, Mediators of inflammation, Basic principles of wound healing in the skin, Pathophysiology of Atherosclerosis
Cardiovascular System
Hypertension, congestive heart failure, ischemic heart disease (angina, myocardial infarction, atherosclerosis and arteriosclerosis)
Respiratory system
Asthma, Chronic obstructive airways diseases.
Renal system
Acute and chronic renal failure
Haematological Diseases
Iron deficiency, megaloblastic anemia (Vit B12 and folic acid), sickle cell anemia, thalasemia, hereditary acquired anemia, hemophilia
Nervous system
Epilepsy, Parkinson’s disease, stroke, psychiatric disorders: depression, schizophrenia and Alzheimer’s disease.
Endocrine system
Diabetes, thyroid diseases, disorders of sex hormones
Gastrointestinal system
Peptic Ulcer
Inflammatory bowel diseases,
jaundice, hepatitis (A,B,C,D,E,F) alcoholic liver disease
Diseases of bones and joints
Rheumatoid Arthritis, Osteoporosis, Gout
Principles of cancer
classification, etiology and pathogenesis of cancer
Infectious diseases
Meningitis, Typhoid, Leprosy, Tuberculosis, Urinary tract infections
Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs)
AIDS, Syphilis, Gonorrhea
#rohitkumartrivedi
Central Nervous System (F.Y B Pharm Sem-II)
Basics of central nervous system as per the syllabus of Pharmacy Council of India.
Only for educational purpose.
Posology
Posology is the branch of medical science that deals with determining the appropriate dose of a drug for a patient. The dose cannot be fixed rigidly as it depends on various factors like age, sex, body weight, and presence of disease. The official doses listed in pharmacopoeias represent average doses suitable for adults administered orally in 24 hours. When considering other routes of administration or patient characteristics, the dose needs to be adjusted accordingly using formulas based on age, body weight, or surface area to calculate the appropriate dose for that individual. Failure to adjust doses properly based on these factors can result in toxic effects or subtherapeutic responses.
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Here are 20 drugs which cause kidney injury.docx
This document provides summaries for 20 research papers related to drugs that can harm the kidneys. Some of the key topics covered include: paracetamol poisoning rarely causing acute kidney injury without liver damage; stopping renin-angiotensin system inhibitors after acute kidney injury may increase risks of other health issues; higher than recommended doses of fluoroquinolones increase risks for older adults with advanced chronic kidney disease; intravenous iron is essential for treating anemia in patients requiring kidney replacement therapy; and herbal medicines like cranberry have been linked to cases of massive hemolysis and acute renal failure.
DIRI with commercial available agents ,,,.pdf
review articles 7th semester b pharm final year
topic: Drug Induced Renal Injury (DIRI): Alarming indication towards the
catastrophic behavior of drugs
Materials and Methods of DIRI
Renal manifestations of recrea
Nephrotoxicity of Ciprofloxaci
Herbal Nephropathy (Cranberry)
B PHARM
Contenu connexe
Tendances
Chemical incompatibility
This slide is about introduction part of chemical incompatibility..
reference book: dispensing pharmacy by metha
Suspension ppt
Pharmaceutical suspension can be classified based on the dispersed phase, vehicle used, proportion of solid particles, particle size, etc. They can be stabilized using suspending agents, viscosity increasing agents, surface charge, etc. Recent advances include nano suspensions to improve solubility, taste masked suspensions to improve palatability, and sustained release suspensions to reduce dosing frequency. Evaluation methods include sedimentation studies, rheological measurements, and zeta potential determination.
Precipitation Titration _ Pharmaceutical Analysis _ B. Pharmacy _ Amit Z C...
This document lists numbers from 3 to 26 sequentially with no other context or information provided. It appears to be simply listing the numbers from 3 to 26 in order with each number on its own line.
Dental products pharmaceutical inorganic chemistry
The document discusses the benefits of meditation for reducing stress and anxiety. Regular meditation practice can help calm the mind and body by lowering heart rate and blood pressure. Studies have shown that meditating for just 10-20 minutes per day can have significant positive impacts on both mental and physical health over time.
Powders
Pharmaceutical powders are solid dosage forms containing one or more drugs in finely divided form, with or without excipients. They have advantages like faster onset of action compared to other oral solid dosage forms. Powders are classified based on their intended use and formulation. They include bulk powders, simple/compound powders enclosed in papers or capsules, and compressed powders made into tablets. Proper mixing and packaging is important for powder formulations to ensure uniform drug content and stability.
Expectorant and emetics ppt
Expectorants are agents that enhance sputum secretion from the respiratory tract and facilitate removal of bronchopulmonary mucus. They are classified as sedatives like ipecac or stimulants like eucalyptus oil. Potassium iodide is a sedative expectorant prepared by reacting iodine with potassium hydroxide or using iron fillings with potassium carbonate. Ammonium chloride is also a sedative expectorant made by neutralizing hydrochloric acid with ammonia. Emetics induce vomiting by stimulating the chemoreceptor trigger zone or irritating the GI tract. Copper sulphate is a common emetic that is prepared as blue crystals through a two-
Pharmacopoeias
The document provides information about various pharmacopoeias including the Indian Pharmacopoeia, British Pharmacopoeia, and United States Pharmacopoeia. It discusses the history and development of these pharmacopoeias, including information about new editions and monographs. The key details provided include that pharmacopoeias are official compendiums that provide drug standards and descriptions, the Indian Pharmacopoeia was first published in 1955 and is now in its 7th edition, and the British and US Pharmacopoeias have been published annually with the addition of new monographs in each edition.
Acid-Base Titration _ Pharmaceutical Analysis _ B. Pharmacy _ Amit Z Chaud...
This document contains numbers from 2016 4 through 2016 45 listed consecutively without any additional context or explanation. It appears to be a list of numbers in a range but provides no other meaningful information in only 3 sentences.
Sp3 hybridization in alkanes & Sp2 hybridization in alkenes.
Sp3 hybridization in alkanes & Sp2 hybridization in alkenes.
Respiratory System Notes
The document provides an overview of the human respiratory system, including its key functions, organs, and mechanics. The respiratory system functions to exchange gases, purify air, and produce sound. Its organs include the nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs. Within the lungs, gas exchange takes place in tiny air sacs called alveoli. Breathing is driven by the contraction and relaxation of the diaphragm and intercostal muscles, pulling air into and pushing air out of the lungs.
SOURCES OF ERROR IN PRESCRIPTION
SOURCES OF ERROR IN PRESCRIPTION
1. Abbreviation
2. Name of the drug
3. Strength of the preparation
4. Dosage form of the drug prescribed
5. Dose
6. Instructions for the patient
7. Incompatibilities
1. ABBREVIATION
Abbreviation presents a problem in understanding parts of
prescription order.
Extreme care should be taken by a pharmacist in interpreting the
abbreviation.
Pharmacist should not guess at the meaning of an ambiguous
abbreviation.
E.g: Dispense Achromycin for “Achro” may cause difficulty when a
intention of the prescriber is to dispense Achrostatin.
2. NAME OF THE DRUG
There are certain drugs whose name look or sound like those of
other drugs.
E.g: Digitoxin Digoxin
Prednisone Prednisolone
3. STRENGTH OF THE PREPARATION
The strength of preparation should be stated by prescriber.
It is essential when various strengths of a product are available in
the market.
E.g: It will be a wrong decision on the part of pharmacist to
dispense paracetamol tablet 500 mg when prescription for
paracetamol tablet is received with no specific strength.
4. DOSAGE FORM OF THE DRUG PRESCRIBED
Many medicines are available in more than one dosage form.
E.g: Liquid, Tablet, Capsule and Suppository.
The pharmaceutical form of the product should be written on the
prescription in order to avoid ambiguity.
5. DOSE
Unusually high or low doses should be discussed with the
prescriber.
Paediatric dosage may present a problem. So pharmacist should
consult paediatric posology to avoid any error.
Sometimes a reasonable dose is administered too frequently.
E.g: A prescription for sustained release formulation to be
administered after every 4 hours should thoroughly check
because such dosage forms are usually administered only two or
three times a day.
6. INSTRUCTIONS FOR THE PATIENT
The instructions for the patient which are given in the
prescription are incomplete or omitted.
The quantity of the drug to be taken, the frequently and timing of
administration and route of administration should clearly give in
the prescription so as to avoid confusion.
7. INCOMPATIBILITIES
It is essential to check that there are no pharmaceutical or
therapeutic incompatibilities in a prescribed preparation and
that different medicines prescribed for the same patient do not
interact with each other to produce any harm to the patient.
Certain antibiotics should not be given with meals since it
significantly decrease the absorption of the drug.
Impurities and their limit test
This document discusses impurities in pharmaceuticals and limit testing. It defines impurity as any undesired material that affects the purity of the substance. Impurities can come from raw materials, reagents, manufacturing processes, storage conditions, or deliberate adulteration. Limit tests are used to check pharmaceuticals for common toxic impurities like arsenic, lead, iron and ensure they are below safe levels. Proper testing of impurities is important to ensure pharmaceuticals are safe and effective.
Skeletal system pharma
The skeletal system consists of bones, cartilages, and ligaments that provide structure, protection, movement, and blood cell formation. The axial skeleton forms the body's longitudinal axis and includes the skull, vertebral column, and thoracic cage. The appendicular skeleton includes the bones of the upper and lower limbs that attach to the axial skeleton. Long bones have a diaphysis shaft and epiphyses ends. The skull is formed from multiple flat bones that protect the brain and sense organs. The vertebral column consists of vertebrae separated by intervertebral discs that allow flexibility. The rib cage includes ribs and sternum and protects the heart and lungs.
Calamine lotion
This document provides instructions for preparing and dispensing 20 ml of calamine lotion. It lists the ingredients needed which include calamine, ZnO, bentonite, glycerine and water. The procedure explains how to weigh and grind the dry ingredients, add the liquids to make a paste, transfer to a measuring cylinder and bottle, and label and dispense the finished lotion. Some key notes about calamine lotion are that it is used for conditions like eczema, sunburn and itching and works by forming a protective coating on the skin.
Therapeutic and diagnostic applications of enzymes isozymes and coenzymes
This document discusses therapeutic and diagnostic applications of enzymes, isoenzymes, and coenzymes. It provides examples of how enzymes are used therapeutically to aid digestion, act as anti-clotting agents, and treat various conditions. It also discusses how enzymes are used diagnostically to detect levels of substances like glucose, liver enzymes, and more. The document then explains isoenzymes and provides an example of lactate dehydrogenase isoenzymes. Finally, it discusses several important coenzymes like NAD, FAD, biotin, vitamin B12 and their roles in biochemical reactions and maintaining health.
Gastrointestinal agents
This document provides information about gastrointestinal agents (GI agents), which are drugs used to treat GI disorders. It discusses the classifications of GI agents including acidifying agents, antacids, protectives, adsorbents, and cathartics. It then describes common antacids including aluminum hydroxide gel, calcium carbonate, and magnesium salts. The ideal characteristics of antacids are outlined. Common calcium-containing and magnesium-containing antacids are also discussed in more detail.
Pathophysiology B Pharm 2nd Semester
Pathophysiology B Pharm 2nd semester
CONTENTS
1. Introduction
2. Course Description
3. Course Outcomes
4. Text and Reference Books
5. Syllabus
6. Question Paper Pattern
7. Evaluation Scheme
Pathophysiology is the study of causes of diseases and reactions of the body to such disease producing causes.
This course is designed to impart a thorough knowledge of the relevant aspects of pathology of various conditions with reference to its pharmacological applications, and understanding of basic pathophysiological mechanisms.
Expected outcomes
1. Describe the etiology and pathogenesis of the selected disease states
2. Name the signs and symptoms of the diseases
3. Mention the complications of the diseases.
SYLLABUS
Basic principles of Cell injury and Adaptation
Introduction, definitions, Homeostasis, Components and Types of Feedback systems, Causes of cellular injury, Pathogenesis (Cell membrane damage, Mitochondrial damage, Ribosome damage, Nuclear damage), Morphology of cell injury – Adaptive changes (Atrophy, Hypertrophy, hyperplasia, Metaplasia, Dysplasia), Cell swelling, Intra cellular accumulation, Calcification, Enzyme leakage and Cell Death Acidosis & Alkalosis, Electrolyte imbalance.
Basic mechanism involved in the process of Inflammation and Repair
Introduction, Clinical signs of inflammation, Different types of Inflammation, Mechanism of Inflammation – Alteration in vascular permeability and blood flow, migration of WBC’s, Mediators of inflammation, Basic principles of wound healing in the skin, Pathophysiology of Atherosclerosis
Cardiovascular System
Hypertension, congestive heart failure, ischemic heart disease (angina, myocardial infarction, atherosclerosis and arteriosclerosis)
Respiratory system
Asthma, Chronic obstructive airways diseases.
Renal system
Acute and chronic renal failure
Haematological Diseases
Iron deficiency, megaloblastic anemia (Vit B12 and folic acid), sickle cell anemia, thalasemia, hereditary acquired anemia, hemophilia
Nervous system
Epilepsy, Parkinson’s disease, stroke, psychiatric disorders: depression, schizophrenia and Alzheimer’s disease.
Endocrine system
Diabetes, thyroid diseases, disorders of sex hormones
Gastrointestinal system
Peptic Ulcer
Inflammatory bowel diseases,
jaundice, hepatitis (A,B,C,D,E,F) alcoholic liver disease
Diseases of bones and joints
Rheumatoid Arthritis, Osteoporosis, Gout
Principles of cancer
classification, etiology and pathogenesis of cancer
Infectious diseases
Meningitis, Typhoid, Leprosy, Tuberculosis, Urinary tract infections
Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs)
AIDS, Syphilis, Gonorrhea
#rohitkumartrivedi
Central Nervous System (F.Y B Pharm Sem-II)
Basics of central nervous system as per the syllabus of Pharmacy Council of India.
Only for educational purpose.
Posology
Posology is the branch of medical science that deals with determining the appropriate dose of a drug for a patient. The dose cannot be fixed rigidly as it depends on various factors like age, sex, body weight, and presence of disease. The official doses listed in pharmacopoeias represent average doses suitable for adults administered orally in 24 hours. When considering other routes of administration or patient characteristics, the dose needs to be adjusted accordingly using formulas based on age, body weight, or surface area to calculate the appropriate dose for that individual. Failure to adjust doses properly based on these factors can result in toxic effects or subtherapeutic responses.
Alcohols (B.Pharm 1st Year 2nd Sem.)
Alcohols, Qualitative tests for Alcohols, Structure and uses of Ethyl alcohol, chlorobutanol, Cetosterylalcohol,Benzyl alcohol, Glycerol, Propylene glycol
Tendances (20)
Precipitation Titration _ Pharmaceutical Analysis _ B. Pharmacy _ Amit Z C...
Precipitation Titration _ Pharmaceutical Analysis _ B. Pharmacy _ Amit Z C...
Dental products pharmaceutical inorganic chemistry
Dental products pharmaceutical inorganic chemistry
Acid-Base Titration _ Pharmaceutical Analysis _ B. Pharmacy _ Amit Z Chaud...
Acid-Base Titration _ Pharmaceutical Analysis _ B. Pharmacy _ Amit Z Chaud...
Sp3 hybridization in alkanes & Sp2 hybridization in alkenes.
Sp3 hybridization in alkanes & Sp2 hybridization in alkenes.
Therapeutic and diagnostic applications of enzymes isozymes and coenzymes
Therapeutic and diagnostic applications of enzymes isozymes and coenzymes
Plus de MOHITROCK1
Here are 20 drugs which cause kidney injury.docx
This document provides summaries for 20 research papers related to drugs that can harm the kidneys. Some of the key topics covered include: paracetamol poisoning rarely causing acute kidney injury without liver damage; stopping renin-angiotensin system inhibitors after acute kidney injury may increase risks of other health issues; higher than recommended doses of fluoroquinolones increase risks for older adults with advanced chronic kidney disease; intravenous iron is essential for treating anemia in patients requiring kidney replacement therapy; and herbal medicines like cranberry have been linked to cases of massive hemolysis and acute renal failure.
DIRI with commercial available agents ,,,.pdf
review articles 7th semester b pharm final year
topic: Drug Induced Renal Injury (DIRI): Alarming indication towards the
catastrophic behavior of drugs
Materials and Methods of DIRI
Renal manifestations of recrea
Nephrotoxicity of Ciprofloxaci
Herbal Nephropathy (Cranberry)
B PHARM
hybridoma technology biotechnology 6th semester.pdf
hybridoma technology biotechnology 6th semester. Monoclonal antibody handwriting notes part of biotechnology b pharm 6th semester.
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Biodynamic Agriculture
Good agricultural practices in cultivation of medicinal plants including Organic farming. Pest and Pest management in medicinal plants: Biopesticides/Bio Insecticides.
unit 1 herbal drug technology handwriting notes part 1.pdf
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B pharm 6th semester
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J'ai réalisé ce projet pour obtenir mon diplôme en licence en sciences de gestion, spécialité management, à l'ISCAE Manouba. Au cours de mon stage chez Attijari Bank, j'ai été particulièrement intéressé par l'impact des critères Environnementaux, Sociaux et de Gouvernance (ESG) sur les décisions d'investissement dans le secteur bancaire. Cette étude explore comment ces critères influencent les stratégies et les choix d'investissement des banques.
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Besoin des conseils pour les Jeunes ? Le document suivant est plein des conseils de la Vie ! C’est vraiment un document conseil de la jeunesse que tout jeune devrait consulter.
Voir version video:
➡https://youtu.be/7ED4uTW0x1I
Sur la chaine:👇
👉https://youtube.com/@kbgestiondeprojets
Aimeriez-vous donc…
-réussir quand on est jeune ?
-avoir de meilleurs conseils pour réussir jeune ?
- qu’on vous offre des conseils de la vie ?
Ce document est une ressource qui met en évidence deux obstacles qui empêchent les jeunes de mener une vie épanouie : l'inaction et le pessimisme.
1) Découvrez comment l'inaction, c'est-à-dire le fait de ne pas agir ou d'agir alors qu'on le devrait ou qu'on est censé le faire, est un obstacle à une vie épanouie ;
> Comment l'inaction affecte-t-elle l'avenir du jeune ? Que devraient plutôt faire les jeunes pour se racheter et récupérer ce qui leur appartient ? A découvrir dans le document ;
2) Le pessimisme, c'est douter de tout ! Les jeunes doutent que la génération plus âgée ne soit jamais orientée vers la bonne volonté. Les jeunes se sentent toujours mal à l'aise face à la ruse et la volonté politique de la génération plus âgée ! Cet état de doute extrême empêche les jeunes de découvrir les opportunités offertes par les politiques et les dispositifs en faveur de la jeunesse. Voulez-vous en savoir plus sur ces opportunités que la plupart des jeunes ne découvrent pas à cause de leur pessimisme ? Consultez cette ressource gratuite et profitez-en !
En rapport avec les " conseils pour les jeunes, " cette ressource peut aussi aider les internautes cherchant :
➡les conseils pratiques pour les jeunes
➡conseils pour réussir
➡jeune investisseur conseil
➡comment investir son argent quand on est jeune
➡conseils d'écriture jeunes auteurs
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➡les conseils municipaux des jeunes
➡conseils municipaux des jeunes
➡conseil des jeunes en mairie
➡qui sont les jeunes
➡projet pour les jeunes
➡conseil des jeunes paris
➡infos pour les jeunes
➡conseils pour les jeunes
➡Quels sont les bienfaits de la jeunesse ?
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Au cours de ce webinar de 20 minutes, co-animé avec la Caisse des Dépôts et Consignations, découvrez tous les détails actualisés sur les dotations et les exonérations, les meilleures pratiques, et comment maximiser les avantages pour les entreprises et leurs salariés.
Au programme :
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