The document provides information about different types of power plants, including nuclear power plants, gas turbine plants, and diesel plants. For nuclear power plants, it discusses site selection criteria and factors to consider. It describes the basic components and operations of a nuclear power plant, including the nuclear fuel, fission and fusion processes, control rods, steam generators, turbines, coolant pumps, and other major equipment. For diesel plants, it outlines the general layout, functions of key components like the air intake, fuel supply, exhaust, cooling and lubrication systems. It also notes advantages and disadvantages of diesel power plants.

1. Unit-IIUnit-II
Nuclear Power Plant
• Abhishek Srivastava
• Electrical & Electronics Engineering Department
• Subject: : POWER STATION PRACTICE
• (NEE /NEN–702)

2. ContentsContents
• UNIT-II: Nuclear Power Plant:
• Location, site selection, general layout and
operation of plant. Brief description of different
types of reactors Moderator material, fissile
materials, control of nuclear reactors, disposal
of nuclear waste material, shielding.
• Gas Turbine Plant: Operational principle of gas
turbine plant & its efficiency, fuels, open and
closed-cycle plants, regeneration, inter-cooling
and reheating, role and applications.
• Diesel Plants:Diesel plant layout, components
& their functions, its performance, role and
applications.

3. SITE SELECTION FOR NUCLEARSITE SELECTION FOR NUCLEAR
POWER PLANTPOWER PLANT
• This guide introduces the use of three main types of criteria, as follows:
• a) Exclusionary criteria;
• b) Avoidance criteria; and
• c) Suitability criteria.
• General Consideration for Site Selection
• investigation of a large region to select preferred sites
• A significant commitment of time and resources may be required to select a
suitable site for a NPP, including safety and environmental considerations.
• Site selection involves consideration of public health and safety, engineering and
design, economics, institutional requirements, environmental impacts, and other
factors. The potential impacts of the construction and operation of NPPs on the
physical and biological environment and on social, cultural, and economic
features
• In the site selection process, coordination between applicants and various
Federal, State and local authorities will be useful in identifying potential problem
areas.

4. NUCLEAR FUELNUCLEAR FUEL
Nuclear fuel is any material that can be consumed to deriveNuclear fuel is any material that can be consumed to derive
nuclear energy. The most common type of nuclear fuel isnuclear energy. The most common type of nuclear fuel is
fissile elements that can be made to undergo nuclear fissionfissile elements that can be made to undergo nuclear fission
chain reactions in a nuclear reactorchain reactions in a nuclear reactor
The most common nuclear fuels are 235U and 239Pu. NotThe most common nuclear fuels are 235U and 239Pu. Not
all nuclear fuels are used in fission chain reactionsall nuclear fuels are used in fission chain reactions

5. Nuclear FissionNuclear Fission
• Nuclear fission is the
process of splitting a
nucleus into two
nuclei with smaller
masses.
• Fission means “to
divide”
• Remember that
fission has 2 s’s,
therefore it splits into
TWO parts.

6. Fission cont.Fission cont.
• Only large nuclei with
atomic numbers above
90 can undergo fission.
• Products of fission
reaction usually include
two or three individual
neutrons, the total
mass of the product is
somewhat less than
the mass of Uranium-
235.

7. Chain ReactionChain Reaction
• A chain reaction is an
ongoing series of
fission reactions.
Billions of reactions
occur each second in
a chain reaction.

9. Chain Reaction cont.Chain Reaction cont.
• On earth, nuclear
fission reactions take
place in nuclear
reactors, which use
controlled chain
reactions to generate
electricity.

10. Chain Reaction cont.Chain Reaction cont.
• Uncontrolled chain
reactions take place
during the explosion
of an atomic bomb.

11. Fission ProductsFission Products
• The products of nuclear
fission reactions are
radioactive, but the energy
released from these
reactions is less harmful to
the environment than the
use of fossil fuels.
• The products are intensely
radioactive and must be
treated and/or stored.

12. Nuclear FusionNuclear Fusion
• Nuclear fusion is the
combining of two nuclei
with low masses to
form one nucleus of
larger mass.
• Nuclear fusion
reactions are also
called thermonuclear
reactions.

13. Nuclear Fusion cont.Nuclear Fusion cont.
• Fusion reactions exist in
stars.
• Our sun is a good
example of a
thermonuclear (fusion)
reaction.
• It is almost impossible to
create fusion reactions on
earth since they need
temperatures above one
million degrees Celsius in
order to take place.

14. Nuclear Fusion cont.Nuclear Fusion cont.
• Nuclear fusion
produces less nuclear
waste than nuclear
fission and the
materials are easier to
obtain.

15. CONTROL RODSCONTROL RODS
Control rods made of a material that absorbs neutrtons areControl rods made of a material that absorbs neutrtons are
inserted into the bundle using a mechanism that can rise or lowerinserted into the bundle using a mechanism that can rise or lower
the control rods.the control rods.
. The control rods essentially contain neutron absorbers like,. The control rods essentially contain neutron absorbers like,
boron, cadmium or indium.boron, cadmium or indium.

16. STEAM GENERATORSSTEAM GENERATORS
Steam generators are heat exchangers used to convert waterSteam generators are heat exchangers used to convert water
into steam from heat produced in a nuclear reactor core.into steam from heat produced in a nuclear reactor core.
Either ordinary water or heavy water is used as the coolantEither ordinary water or heavy water is used as the coolant..

17. STEAM TURBINESTEAM TURBINE
A steam turbine is a mechanical device that extractsA steam turbine is a mechanical device that extracts
thermal energy from pressurized steam, and converts itthermal energy from pressurized steam, and converts it
into useful mechanicalinto useful mechanical
 Various high-performance alloys and superalloysVarious high-performance alloys and superalloys
have been used for steam generator tubing.have been used for steam generator tubing.

18. COOLANT PUMPCOOLANT PUMP
The coolant pump pressurizes the coolant toThe coolant pump pressurizes the coolant to
pressures of the orderof 155bar.pressures of the orderof 155bar.
The pressue of the coolant loop is maintained almostThe pressue of the coolant loop is maintained almost
constant with the help of the pump and a pressurizerconstant with the help of the pump and a pressurizer
unitunit..

19. FEED PUMPFEED PUMP
Steam coming out of the turbine,Steam coming out of the turbine,
flows through the condenser forflows through the condenser for
condensation and recirculated forcondensation and recirculated for
the next cycle of operation.the next cycle of operation.
The feed pump circulates theThe feed pump circulates the
condensed water in the workingcondensed water in the working
fluid loop.fluid loop.

20. CONDENSERCONDENSER
Condenser is a device or unit which is used toCondenser is a device or unit which is used to
condense vapor into liquid.condense vapor into liquid.
The objective of the condenser are to reduce theThe objective of the condenser are to reduce the
turbine exhaust pressure to increase the efficiency andturbine exhaust pressure to increase the efficiency and
to recover high qyuality feed water in the form ofto recover high qyuality feed water in the form of
condensate & feed back it to the steam generatorcondensate & feed back it to the steam generator
without any further treatment.without any further treatment.

21. COOLING TOWERCOOLING TOWER
Cooling towers are heat removal devices used toCooling towers are heat removal devices used to
transfer process waste heat to the atmosphere.transfer process waste heat to the atmosphere.
Water cirulating throughthe codeser is taken to theWater cirulating throughthe codeser is taken to the
cooling tower for cooling and reusecooling tower for cooling and reuse

22. ADVANTAGESADVANTAGES
Nuclear power generation does emit relatively low amountsNuclear power generation does emit relatively low amounts
of carbon dioxide (CO2). The emissions of green house gasesof carbon dioxide (CO2). The emissions of green house gases
and therefore the contribution of nuclear power plants toand therefore the contribution of nuclear power plants to
global warming is therefore relatively little.global warming is therefore relatively little.
This technology is readily available, it does not have to beThis technology is readily available, it does not have to be
developed first.developed first.
It is possible to generate a high amount of electrical energyIt is possible to generate a high amount of electrical energy
in one single plantin one single plant

23. DISADVANTAGESDISADVANTAGES
The problem of radioactive waste is still an unsolved one.The problem of radioactive waste is still an unsolved one.
High risks: It is technically impossible to build a plant withHigh risks: It is technically impossible to build a plant with
100% security.100% security.
The energy source for nuclear energy is Uranium. UraniumThe energy source for nuclear energy is Uranium. Uranium
is a scarce resource, its supply is estimated to last only for theis a scarce resource, its supply is estimated to last only for the
next 30 to 60 years depending on the actual demand.next 30 to 60 years depending on the actual demand.

24. DISADVANTAGESDISADVANTAGES
Nuclear power plants as well as nuclear waste couldNuclear power plants as well as nuclear waste could
be preferred targets for terrorist attacks..be preferred targets for terrorist attacks..
During the operation of nuclear power plants,During the operation of nuclear power plants,
radioactive waste is produced, which in turn can beradioactive waste is produced, which in turn can be
used for the production of nuclear weaponsused for the production of nuclear weapons..

25. DIESEL ENGINEDIESEL ENGINE
POWER PLANTPOWER PLANT

26. BASIC TYPE OF IC ENGINEBASIC TYPE OF IC ENGINE

27. FUNCTIONFUNCTION
(a) FOUR
STROCK
(b)TWO STROCK

28. Diesel engineDiesel engine
The two stroke cycle engine is more favored for diesel power plant.
•The air required for the diesel engine is drown through the air filter
from the atmosphere and compressed inside the cylinder.
•The fuel from the diesel engine is drawn through a filter from the all
day tank and injected into the cylinder through fuel injectors.
•Because of the high temperature and pressure of the compressed air,
• the fuel burns and the burnt gases expand to do work on the moving
part inside the cylinder called piston.
•This movement of the piston rotates a flywheel and the engine is
directly coupled to electric generator.
•The gases after expansion inside the cylinder is exhausted into the
atmosphere and passes through a silencer in order to reduce the
noise.

29. INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION
• Diesel power plants produce power in the
range of 2 to 50MW.
• They are used as standby sets for continuity
of supply such as hospitals , telephone
exchanges , radio station , cinema theatres
and industries (peak load).
• They are suitable for mobile power
generation and widely used in railways and
ships.

30. GENERAL LAYOUTGENERAL LAYOUT

31. Simple layoutSimple layout

32. LAYOUTLAYOUT

33. Diesel plant equipmentDiesel plant equipment
• Air intake system
• Fuel supply system
• Exhaust system
• Cooling system
• Lubricating system
• Starting system

34. Air intake systemAir intake system
• The air required for the
combustion of fuel
inside the diesel engine
cylinder is drawn
through the air filter.
The purpose of the
filter is to remove dust
from the incoming air.
• dry filter- may be made
of felt , wood or cloth.
• wet filter- oil bath is
used.

35. Fuel supply systemFuel supply system
• Fuel from the
storage tank is
pumped through a
filter into a smaller
tank called all day
tank . this tank
supplies the daily
requirements of
the diesel engine.

36. Exhaust systemExhaust system
• The exhaust gases coming out of the engine is very
noisy. In order to reduce the noise a silencer is
used.

37. Cooling systemCooling system
• The temperature of the burning fuel inside
the engine cylinder -15000C to 20000C. In
order to lower this temperature water is
circulated around the engine.
• The hot water leaving the jacket is passed
through the heat exchanger.
• The heat from the heat exchanger is carried
away by the raw water circulated through the
heat exchanger and is cooled in the cooling
tower

38. Cooling systemCooling system

39. Lubricating systemLubricating system
• This circuit includes lubricating oil tank ,
oil pump and oil cooler.
• The purpose of the lubrication system is
to reduce the wear of the engine moving
parts .part of the cylinder such as
piston , shafts , valves must be
lubricated.
• Lubrication also helps to cool the

40. Starting systemStarting system
• Diesel engine used in diesel power
plant is not self starting . The engine
is started from cold condition whit the
help of an air compressor.Schematic diesel engine power plant

41. ADVANTAGE OF DIESEL POWER PLANTADVANTAGE OF DIESEL POWER PLANT
1. Very simple design also simple installation
and occupies less space.
2. Limited cooling water requirement.
3. Diesel power plant are more efficient than
steam power in the range of 150MW capacity.
4. Quickly started and put on load.
5.It can respond to varying loads without any
difficulty.
6. Smaller storage is needed for the fuel.
7. Layout of power plant is quite simple.
8. There is no problem of ash handling.
9. Less supervision required.

42. DISADVANTAGE OF DIESEL POWERDISADVANTAGE OF DIESEL POWER
PLANTPLANT
1. High Maintenance ,lubrication cost and
operating cost.
2. Fuel cost is more, since in India diesel is costly.
3. The plant cost per kW is comparatively more.
4. The life of diesel power plant is small due to high
maintenance.
5. Noise is a serious problem in diesel power plant.
6. Diesel power plant cannot be constructed for
large scale.

43. 4343
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