Atelier 7 - Robert Ireland This presentation is a brief history of the emergence of the Customs Supply Chain Security Paradigm, which at its heart was the customs contribution to counter-terrorism following 9/11. The “new perspectives” in the title are some concluding thoughts on where we are now. In essence, the Customs Supply Chain Security Paradigm is fading as a prioritized customs policy issue, even for the United States. Following the 9/11 attacks, the paradigm emerged consisting of new national customs policies and World Customs Organization (WCO) standards intended to communicate that international cargo ships would be deterred from being used as a conduit for the delivery of terrorists or terrorist attacks. This presentation traces the paradigm’s emergence and its upward trajectory which began with the launch of the two key US Customs programmes (C-TPAT and CSI), continued with the adoption of the WCO SAFE Framework of Standards to Secure and Facilitate Global Trade, and reached a climax with the US 100% container scanning law. It will discuss the major policy themes pushed by the US Government, namely advance cargo information submission requirements, customs risk management, non-intrusive cargo scanning equipment, and security-oriented Authorized Economic Operator (AEO) programmes. It will then describe where we are now, namely a downward trajectory with the de facto abandonment of 100% scanning and the US budget crisis which foretells fewer resources for the paradigm.

1. WCO Research and Strategies Unit
New Perspectives on the
Customs Supply Chain Security Paradigm
Robert Ireland
http://www.wcoomd.org/home_research.htm

4. Cronin, Audrey Kurth (2009), How
Terrorism Ends, Princeton: Princeton
University Press.
The Term Terrorism:
• Political Nature
• Non-State Character
• Does not abide by international laws or norms
• The deliberate killing of civilians

5. U.S. response to 9/11
• Offensive actions
• Military-oriented
• Defensive actions
• Passengers (especially aviation)
• Immigration
• Customs (especially maritime cargo)

6. Schneier, Bruce (2003), Beyond Fear:
Thinking Sensibly About Security in an
Uncertain World, Copernicus Books:
New York, NY.

7. Amir Farid Rizk

9. Early post- 9/11
U.S. Customs security measures
C-TPAT (2002)
CSI (2003)
24 Hour Rule (2003)
National Targeting Center (2001)

10. Michel Foucault. Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the
Prison (1995)
“On the whole, therefore, one can speak of the formation of a disciplinary
society in this movement that stretches from the enclosed disciplines, a sort
of social 'quarantine', to an indefinitely generalizable mechanism of
'panopticism‘”

12. 12
Originally adopted
June 2005

13. SAFE Framework: 2 Pillars & 17 Standards
• Pillar 1: Customs-to-Customs network arrangements:
– Advance electronic information, risk assessment, scanning at place of
export (11 Standards)
• Pillar 2: Customs-to-Business Partnerships:
– Authorized Economic Operator (AEO) Programme – Validate secure
businesses and offer benefits (6 Standards)
13

14. SAFE Framework
4 Core Elements
• Submission of advance electronic information
• Risk Assessment
• Scanners
• AEO

15. CSI
• Submission of advance electronic information
• Risk Assessment
• Scanners
C-TPAT
• AEO

18. US CBP staffing levels: OFO and Border Patrol
Source: CBP, Office of Congressional Affairs

20. WCO Research and Strategies Unit
New Perspectives on the
Customs Supply Chain Security Paradigm
Robert Ireland
http://www.wcoomd.org/home_research.htm