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The Construction of a Border Island
The Lampedusa Case
Paolo Cuttitta
Università di Palermo, Dipartimento Beni Culturali, Area Sociologica
paolocuttitta@tiscali.it
Paper for the workshop
Materialization vs. Dematerialization
of Borders
Marseille, 22-23 March 2012
Sections of the paperSections of the paperSections of the paperSections of the paper
• Lampedusa’s borderness
(The border observed from the border)
• Borderizing Lampedusa
(Manufacturing the border)
• Lampedusa on stage
(Performing the border play)
Lampedusa’s borderness
(The border observed from the border)
Lampedusa’s borderness
(The border observed from the border)
• Number of irregular entries
• Deadly consequences of border controls
• Human rights violations as a critique to border controls
• Human rights violations as a justification for border controls
• Link between migration and terrorism and organised crime
• Changing routes of undocumented travels
• Transformations of territorial borders (shape, location, operational
modalities)
• Detention centres (nature and functions)
• Multi-level governance of migration
• Subjectivity/Agency of migrants
• Externalisation and delocalisation of asylum
Borderizing LampedusaBorderizing Lampedusa
(Manufacturing the border)(Manufacturing the border)
Borderizing LampedusaBorderizing Lampedusa
(Manufacturing the border)(Manufacturing the border)
Steps of the Borderization Process
• Schengen agreeements (implemented by Italy in 1997)
• Visa obligation (around 1990 for North African countries)
• Carrier sanctions (Italian law n. 40 of 1998)
• 1998 Respingimento differito (“deferred denial of entry”)
• 1998 Construction of detention centre
• 2003/04 Tunisian restrictive turn
• Number of entries
Lampedusa on stage
(Performing the border play)
Lampedusa on stage
(Performing the border play)
Acts and prevailing narratives (Tough/Humane) of the border play
• 2004-2006: Deportations from Lampedusa to Libya (T)
• 2006-2008: The ‘model’ (H)
• 2008-2009: Manufacturing emergency (T)
• 2010: The ‘Zero Immigration Show’ (T)
• 2011: Manufacturing (humanitarian) emergency (T & H)
• (to be continued…)
Table
Lampedusa as entry point
Table
Lampedusa as entry point
Irregular migrants apprehended at Italian sea borders
Year Lampedusa Total Sicily % Lampedusa
on Total Sicily
Total Italy % Lampedusa
on Total Italy
1999 356 1,973 18.04% 49,999 0.71%
2000 447 2,782 16.07% 26,817 1.67%
2001 923 5,504 16.77% 20,143 4.58%
2002 9,669 18,225 53.05% 23,719 40.76%
2003 8,819 14,017 62.92% 14,331 61.54%
2004 10,497 13,594 77.22% 13,635 76.99%
2005 14,855 22,824 65.08% 22,939 64.76%
2006 18,096 21,400 84.56% 22,016 82.19%
2007 11,749 16,875 69.62% 20,455 57.44%
2008 30,657 34,541 88.76% 36,952 82.96%
2009 2,947* 8,282 35.58% 9,573 30.78%
2010 459* 1,264 36.31% 4,406 10.42%
2011 44,639 n.a. n.a. 51,881 86.04%
* Also including the minor island of Linosa and the uninhabited isle of Lampione,
which are, besides Lampedusa, the remaining part of the Pelagie Archipel.
N.B.: 2011 data refer to the period 1 January – 3 August.
The construction of a border island : The Lampedusa case

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The construction of a border island : The Lampedusa case

  • 1. The Construction of a Border Island The Lampedusa Case Paolo Cuttitta Università di Palermo, Dipartimento Beni Culturali, Area Sociologica paolocuttitta@tiscali.it Paper for the workshop Materialization vs. Dematerialization of Borders Marseille, 22-23 March 2012
  • 2.
  • 3. Sections of the paperSections of the paperSections of the paperSections of the paper • Lampedusa’s borderness (The border observed from the border) • Borderizing Lampedusa (Manufacturing the border) • Lampedusa on stage (Performing the border play)
  • 4. Lampedusa’s borderness (The border observed from the border) Lampedusa’s borderness (The border observed from the border) • Number of irregular entries • Deadly consequences of border controls • Human rights violations as a critique to border controls • Human rights violations as a justification for border controls • Link between migration and terrorism and organised crime • Changing routes of undocumented travels • Transformations of territorial borders (shape, location, operational modalities) • Detention centres (nature and functions) • Multi-level governance of migration • Subjectivity/Agency of migrants • Externalisation and delocalisation of asylum
  • 5. Borderizing LampedusaBorderizing Lampedusa (Manufacturing the border)(Manufacturing the border) Borderizing LampedusaBorderizing Lampedusa (Manufacturing the border)(Manufacturing the border) Steps of the Borderization Process • Schengen agreeements (implemented by Italy in 1997) • Visa obligation (around 1990 for North African countries) • Carrier sanctions (Italian law n. 40 of 1998) • 1998 Respingimento differito (“deferred denial of entry”) • 1998 Construction of detention centre • 2003/04 Tunisian restrictive turn • Number of entries
  • 6. Lampedusa on stage (Performing the border play) Lampedusa on stage (Performing the border play) Acts and prevailing narratives (Tough/Humane) of the border play • 2004-2006: Deportations from Lampedusa to Libya (T) • 2006-2008: The ‘model’ (H) • 2008-2009: Manufacturing emergency (T) • 2010: The ‘Zero Immigration Show’ (T) • 2011: Manufacturing (humanitarian) emergency (T & H) • (to be continued…)
  • 7. Table Lampedusa as entry point Table Lampedusa as entry point Irregular migrants apprehended at Italian sea borders Year Lampedusa Total Sicily % Lampedusa on Total Sicily Total Italy % Lampedusa on Total Italy 1999 356 1,973 18.04% 49,999 0.71% 2000 447 2,782 16.07% 26,817 1.67% 2001 923 5,504 16.77% 20,143 4.58% 2002 9,669 18,225 53.05% 23,719 40.76% 2003 8,819 14,017 62.92% 14,331 61.54% 2004 10,497 13,594 77.22% 13,635 76.99% 2005 14,855 22,824 65.08% 22,939 64.76% 2006 18,096 21,400 84.56% 22,016 82.19% 2007 11,749 16,875 69.62% 20,455 57.44% 2008 30,657 34,541 88.76% 36,952 82.96% 2009 2,947* 8,282 35.58% 9,573 30.78% 2010 459* 1,264 36.31% 4,406 10.42% 2011 44,639 n.a. n.a. 51,881 86.04% * Also including the minor island of Linosa and the uninhabited isle of Lampione, which are, besides Lampedusa, the remaining part of the Pelagie Archipel. N.B.: 2011 data refer to the period 1 January – 3 August.