1. U N I T E D N AT I O N S C O N F E R E N C E O N T R A D E A N D D E V E L O P M E N T
CONFERENCE DES NATIONS UNIES SUR LE COMMERCE ET LE DÉVELOPPEMENT
UNCTAD
UNCTAD
HANDBOOK
OF STATISTICS
STA
MANUEL
DE STATISTIQUES
STA
DE LA CNUCED
UNITED NATIONS NATIONS UNIES
New York and Geneva New York et Genève
3. FOREWORD INTRODUCTION
The UNCTAD Handbook of Statistics provides essential data Le but du Manuel de statistiques de la CNUCED est de fournir
for analysing and measuring world trade, investment, les données statistiques essentielles à l’analyse du commerce
international financial flows and development. Reliable mondial, de l’investissement, des flux financiers internationaux et
statistical information is often considered as the first step du développement. Une information statistique fiable est souvent
during the preparation of making recommendations or taking le préalable à la formulation de recommandations et à la prise de
decisions that countries will commit for many years as they décisions qui engageront les pays pour de longues années dans
strive to integrate into the world economy and improve the leur processus d’intégration dans l’économie mondiale et
living standards of their citizens. Whether it is for research, l’amélioration des conditions de leurs peuples. Que ce soit pour
consultation or technical cooperation, UNCTAD requires la recherche, la concertation ou la coopération technique, la
comparable, often detailed economic, demographic and social CNUCED a besoin de données économiques, démographiques
data, over several decades and for as many countries as et sociales comparables et souvent détaillées, disponibles si
possible. possible sur plusieurs décennies et pour un maximum de pays.
In addition to facilitating the work of the secretariat’s Au-delà de la mobilisation et de la vérification des données,
economists, the UNCTAD Handbook of Statistics also du calcul d’indicateurs dérivés qui alimentent les travaux des
enables other users, such as policymakers, research économistes du secrétariat, le Manuel de statistiques de la
specialists, academics, officials from national governments or CNUCED est l’occasion de partager une base statistique riche
international organizations, executive managers or members of avec les décideurs et les chercheurs, qu’ils soient universitaires,
nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) from developing, fonctionnaires d’administrations nationales ou d’organisations
transition or developed countries to have access to this rich internationales, cadres d’entreprises ou membres d’organisations
statistical information. The Handbook further offers journalists non gouvernementales de pays en développement, en transition
comprehensive information in a presentation that meets their ou développés. Les journalistes trouvent aussi dans ce manuel
needs. une information synthétique dans une présentation bien adaptée
à leurs préoccupations.
This publication is available in printed copy and DVD.
Moreover, the underlying data of the Handbook are available Le Manuel est disponible en version imprimée et DVD. Les
online at UNCTADstat (http://unctadstat.unctad.org). Unlike the données présentées dans le Manuel sont disponibles en ligne,
Handbook which captures statistics at one point of time, dans UNCTADstat (http://unctadstat.unctad.org). À la différence
UNCTADstat is continuously updated, enriched and providing du Manuel qui présente des statistiques figées à un moment
users with the latest available data. In this regard, users should donné, UNCTADstat est actualisé et enrichi régulièrement pour
use caution when comparing data between the Handbook and mettre à la disposition des utilisateurs les données les plus
UNCTADstat, as the date of update may differ. récentes. À cet égard, il est important de signaler que les
données d'UNCTADstat et du Manuel ne pourront être
User should be aware that, in this edition, the scope and comparées systématiquement en raison de la différence de date
definition of some country groups have changed compared to de leur mise à jour et de publication.
previous edition of Handbook. In addition, the presentation of
tables 7.3 and 7.4 Remittances and table 7.1 Current account La couverture et la définition des groupements présentés
net was improved by the addition of all countries and country dans cette nouvelle édition du Manuel ont changé. Cette année,
groups. Furthermore, the following tables prior to this edition - la table des matières a également été revue. En effet, les
table 5.3 Tourism indicators, table 7.2 Balance of payments: indicateurs du tourisme, le sommaire des comptes de capital et
capital and financial account summaries and table 8.5 d'opérations financières de la balance des paiements ainsi que
Demographic indicators - are discontinued and no longer les indicateurs démographiques (tableaux 5.3, 7.2 et 8.5 des
available. précédentes éditions) ont été retirés tandis que les tableaux de
la balance du compte courant (7.1) et des envois de fonds des
To provide better and more relevant statistics to users, you travailleurs (7.3 et 7.4 ) ont été améliorés grâce à la présentation
are invited to fill up the feedback questionnaire on the last des données pour tous les pays et groupements de pays.
page or you can send your comments directly to
statistics@unctad.org Pour mieux nous adapter aux besoins de nos utilisateurs et
mettre à leur disposition des statistiques pertinentes, nous vous
Particular acknowledgement is due to the Statistics Division invitons à remplir le questionnaire qui se trouve en fin de
of the Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the United publication. Vous pouvez également nous faire part de vos
Nations, as well as to other international organizations, for its commentaires en nous écrivant à statistics@unctad.org
help in preparing this publication.
Le secrétariat de la CNUCED tient à remercier la Division de
statistique du Département des affaires économiques et sociales
de l’ONU et diverses organisations internationales du concours
qu’elles ont apporté à la préparation de cette publication.
iii
4. TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE DES MATIÈRES
Note .................................................................................................. ii Note ..................................................................................................... ii
How to order the Handbook ............................................................. ii Comment commander le manuel ........................................................ ii
Foreword ..........................................................................................iii Introduction......................................................................................... iii
Table of contents ............................................................................. iv Table des matières ............................................................................. iv
Explanation of symbols ...................................................................vii Signification des symboles ................................................................ vii
General notes .................................................................................viii Notes générales .............................................................................. xxii
Distribution of countries and territories............................................ xi Répartition des pays et territoires.................................................... xxv
Distribution by geographical region Répartition par régions géographiques
- Developing economies .................................................................xii - Économies en développement .................................................... xxvi
- Transition economies ..................................................................xiv - Économies en transition .............................................................xxviii
- Developed economies.................................................................xiv - Économies développées ............................................................xxviii
Distribution of developing economies by economic Répartition des économies en développement par groupements
grouping ......................................................................................... xv économiques .................................................................................. xxix
Distribution of economies by trade group..................................... xviii Répartition des économies par groupements commerciaux ..........xxxii
Distribution of economies by interregional grouping ...................... xx Répartition des économies par groupements interrégionaux ........xxxiv
Abbreviations and acronyms ..........................................................xxi Abréviations et acronymes ............................................................ xxxv
Product classification for international trade............................... xxxvi Classification des produits pour le commerce international ..........xxxvi
PART ONE PREMIÈRE PARTIE
International merchandise trade Commerce international des marchandises
1.1.1 Exports and imports of countries and geographical 1.1.1 Exportations et importations des pays et des régions
regions géographiques
- Value ................................................................................... 2 - Valeur ................................................................................. 2
- Share ................................................................................. 10 - Part................................................................................... 10
1.1.2 Exports and imports of economic groupings 1.1.2 Exportations et importations des groupements économiques
- Value ................................................................................. 20 - Valeur ............................................................................... 20
- Share ................................................................................. 22 - Part................................................................................... 22
1.1.3 Exports and imports of trade groups 1.1.3 Exportations et importations des groupements commerciaux
- Value ................................................................................. 24 - Valeur ............................................................................... 24
- Share ................................................................................. 26 - Part................................................................................... 26
1.2.1 Annual average growth rates of exports and imports 1.2.1 Taux d’évolution annuels moyens des exportations et
of countries and geographical regions................................. 28 importations des pays et des régions géographiques ........ 28
1.2.2 Annual average growth rates of exports and imports 1.2.2 Taux d’évolution annuels moyens des exportations et
of economic groupings......................................................... 38 importations des groupements économiques..................... 38
1.2.3 Annual average growth rates of exports and imports 1.2.3 Taux d’évolution annuels moyens des exportations et
of trade groups..................................................................... 40 importations des groupements commerciaux.....................40
1.3.1 Value of trade balance, and as percentage of imports 1.3.1 Valeur de la balance commerciale et sa part dans les
of countries and geographical regions................................. 42 importations des pays et des régions géographiques ........ 42
1.3.2 Value of trade balance, and as percentage of imports 1.3.2 Valeur de la balance commerciale et sa part dans les
of economic groupings......................................................... 52 importations des groupements économiques..................... 52
1.4 Intra-trade of trade groups ................................................... 54 1.4 Commerce interne des groupements commerciaux........... 54
iv
5. TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE DES MATIÈRES
PART TWO DEUXIÈME PARTIE
International merchandise trade by region Commerce international des marchandises par régions
2.1 Country trade structure by partner 2.1 Structure du commerce des pays par partenaires
- Exports by main region of destination ............................... 58 - Exportations par principales régions de destination......... 58
- Imports by main region of origin ........................................ 70 - Importations par principales régions d’origine.................. 70
2.2 Export and import structure by partner and product 2.2 Structure des exportations et importations par partenaires
group et groupes de produits
A. World.............................................................................. 82 A. Monde........................................................................... 82
B. Developing economies .................................................. 86 B. Économies en développement ..................................... 86
C. Developing economies: Africa ....................................... 90 C. Économies en développement : Afrique....................... 90
D. Developing economies: America ................................... 94 D. Économies en développement : Amérique................... 94
E. Developing economies: Asia ......................................... 98 E. Économies en développement : Asie ........................... 98
F Developing economies: Eastern, Southern F. Économies en développement : Asie orientale
and South-Eastern Asia............................................... 102 méridionale et du Sud-Est .......................................... 102
G. Developing economies: Western Asia ......................... 106 G. Économies en développement : Asie occidentale ...... 106
H. Developing economies: Oceania ................................. 110 H. Économies en développement : Océanie................... 110
I. Developing economies: Major petroleum and gas I. Économies en développement : principaux
exporters ...................................................................... 114 exportateurs de pétrole et de gaz............................... 114
J. Developing economies: Major manufactured J. Économies en développement : principaux
goods exporters ........................................................... 118 exportateurs d’articles manufacturés.......................... 118
K. Transition economies................................................... 122 K. Économies en transition.............................................. 122
L. Developed economies ................................................. 126 L. Économies développées............................................. 126
PART THREE TROISIÈME PARTIE
International merchandise trade by product Commerce international des marchandises par produits
3.1 Country trade structure by product group 3.1 Structure du commerce des pays par groupes de produits
- Exports ............................................................................ 132 - Exportations ................................................................... 132
- Imports............................................................................. 145 - Importations.................................................................... 145
3.2 Export structure by product 3.2 Structure des exportations par produits
A. World............................................................................ 158 A. Monde......................................................................... 158
B. Developing economies ................................................ 163 B. Économies en développement ................................... 163
C. Developed economies ................................................. 168 C. Économies développées ............................................ 168
D. Individual countries and territories ............................... 173 D. Pays et territoires individuels...................................... 173
E. Major exporters for leading products among E. Principaux exportateurs de produits majeurs parmi
developing economies ................................................. 195 les économies en développement .............................. 195
3.3 Concentration and structural change indices of 3.3 Indices de concentration et de changement structurel
product markets des marchés de produits
- Exports ............................................................................ 204 - Exportations ................................................................... 204
- Imports............................................................................. 208 - Importations.................................................................... 208
PART FOUR QUATRIÈME PARTIE
International merchandise trade indicators Indicateurs du commerce international des marchandises
4.1.1 Export and import concentration and 4.1.1 Indices de concentration et de diversification des
diversification indices of countries and exportations et importations des pays et des
geographical regions ......................................................... 214 régions géographiques ..................................................... 214
4.1.2 Export and import concentration and 4.1.2 Indices de concentration et de diversification des
diversification indices of economic exportations et importations des groupements
groupings ........................................................................... 224 économiques .................................................................... 224
4.2.1 International merchandise trade indices of 4.2.1 Indices du commerce international des marchandises
countries and geographical regions des pays et des régions géographiques
- Volume indices of exports and imports ........................... 226 - Indices du volume des exportations et importations ...... 226
- Unit value indices of exports and - Indices de la valeur unitaire des exportations et
imports ............................................................................. 234 importations .................................................................... 234
- Terms of trade indices and purchasing - Indices des termes de l’échange et du pouvoir
power indices of exports .................................................. 242 d’achat des exportations ................................................ 242
4.2.2 International merchandise trade indices of 4.2.2 Indices du commerce international des marchandises
economic groupings des groupements économiques
- Volume indices of exports and imports ........................... 250 - Indices du volume des exportations et importations ...... 250
- Unit value indices of exports and - Indices de la valeur unitaire des exportations et
imports ............................................................................. 252 importations .................................................................... 252
- Terms of trade indices and purchasing - Indices des termes de l’échange et du pouvoir
power indices of exports .................................................. 254 d’achat des exportations ................................................ 254
4.3 Average applied import MFN tariff rates on 4.3 Droits de douane moyens NPF appliqués à l’importation
non-agricultural and non-fuel products .............................. 256 des produits non-agricoles et non-pétroliers .................... 256
v
6. TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE DES MATIÈRES
PART FIVE CINQUIÈME PARTIE
International trade in services Commerce international des services
5.1.1 Value of exports and imports of services of 5.1.1 Valeur des exportations et importations de services
countries and geographical regions................................... 278 des pays et des régions géographiques........................... 278
5.1.2 Value of exports and imports of services of 5.1.2 Valeur des exportations et importations de services
economic groupings ......................................................... 286 des groupements économiques ........................................ 286
5.1.3 Value of exports and imports of services of 5.1.3 Valeur des exportations et importations de services
trade groups....................................................................... 288 des groupements commerciaux ........................................ 288
5.2 Trade in services by category 5.2 Commerce des services par catégories
- Leading exporters among developing - Principaux exportateurs parmi les économies en
economies ....................................................................... 290 développement................................................................ 290
- Leading importers among developing - Principaux importateurs parmi les économies en
economies ....................................................................... 294 développement................................................................ 294
5.3 World merchant fleet by flag of registration and 5.3 Flotte marchande mondiale par pavillons d’immatriculation
type of ship of countries and geographical et par types de navires des pays et des régions
regions ............................................................................... 298 géographiques................................................................... 298
PART SIX SIXIÈME PARTIE
Commodities Produits de base
6.1 Annual and quarterly indices of free-market 6.1 Indices annuels et trimestriels des prix d’une
prices of selected primary commodities............................. 314 sélection de produits de base sur le marché libre............. 314
6.2 Instability indices and trends in free market 6.2 Indices d’instabilité et tendances des prix sur le
prices for selected primary commodities ........................... 320 marché libre d’une sélection de produits de base............. 320
PART SEVEN SEPTIÈME PARTIE
International finance Finance internationale
7.1.1 Balance of payments: Current account net of countries 7.1.1 Balance des paiements : compte courant net des pays
and geographical regions .................................................. 324 et des régions géographiques ........................................... 324
7.1.2 Balance of payments: Current account net of economic 7.1.2 Balance des paiements : compte courant net des
groupings ........................................................................... 332 groupements économiques ............................................... 332
7.1.3 Balance of payments: Current account net of trade 7.1.3 Balance des paiements : compte courant net des
groups................................................................................ 334 groupements commerciaux ............................................... 334
7.2.1 Foreign direct investment: Inward and outward 7.2.1 Investissement étranger direct : flux entrants et
flows of countries and geographical regions ..................... 336 sortants des pays et des régions géographiques.............. 336
7.2.2 Foreign direct investment: Inward and outward 7.2.2 Investissement étranger direct : flux entrants et
flows of economic groupings ............................................. 344 sortants des groupements économiques .......................... 344
7.2.3 Foreign direct investment: Inward and outward 7.2.3 Investissement étranger direct : flux entrants et
flows of trade groups ......................................................... 346 sortants des groupements commerciaux .......................... 346
7.3.1 Migrants' remittances: Receipts of countries and 7.3.1 Envois de fonds des migrants : recettes des pays et des
geographical regions ......................................................... 348 régions géographiques...................................................... 348
7.3.2 Migrants' remittances: Receipts of economic 7.3.2 Envois de fonds des migrants : recettes des groupements
groupings ........................................................................... 356 économiques ..................................................................... 356
7.4.1 Migrants' remittances: Payments of countries and 7.4.1 Envois de fonds des migrants : paiements des pays et des
geographical regions ......................................................... 358 régions géographiques...................................................... 358
7.4.2 Migrants' remittances: Payments of economic 7.4.2 Envois de fonds des migrants : paiements des groupements
groupings ........................................................................... 366 économiques ..................................................................... 366
7.5.1 International reserves of developing economies 7.5.1 Réserves internationales des économies en
by country and geographical region .................................. 368 développement par pays et régions géographiques ......... 368
7.5.2 International reserves of developing economies 7.5.2 Réserves internationales des économies en
by economic grouping........................................................ 374 développement par groupements économiques ............... 374
vi
7. TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE DES MATIÈRES
7.6.1 Official financial flows from bilateral and multilateral 7.6.1. Flux financiers publics bilatéraux et multilatéraux
sources by country and geographical region.................... 376 par pays et régions géographiques ................................... 376
7.6.2 Official financial flows from bilateral and multilateral 7.6.2 Flux financiers publics bilatéraux et multilatéraux à
sources to developing economies by economic destination des économies en développement par
grouping ............................................................................ 391 groupements économiques ............................................... 391
7.7 External long-term debt by lending source 7.7 Dette extérieure à long terme par catégories de prêt
A. Developing economies ................................................ 395 A. Économies en développement ................................... 395
B. Developing economies: Africa ..................................... 396 B. Économies en développement : Afrique..................... 396
C. Developing economies: America ................................. 397 C. Économies en développement : Amérique................. 397
D. Developing economies: Asia ....................................... 398 D. Économies en développement : Asie ......................... 398
E. Developing economies: Oceania ................................. 399 E. Économies en développement : Océanie................... 399
F. Developing economies: Major petroleum and gas F. Économies en développement : principaux
exporters ...................................................................... 400 exportateurs de pétrole et de gaz............................... 400
G. Developing economies: Major manufactured G. Économies en développement : principaux
goods exporters ........................................................... 401 exportateurs d’articles manufacturés.......................... 401
PART EIGHT HUITIÈME PARTIE
Development indicators Indicateurs du développement
8.1.1 Nominal gross domestic product: Total and per capita 8.1.1 Produit intérieur brut nominal : total et par habitant
of countries and geographical regions............................... 404 des pays et des régions géographiques ........................... 404
8.1.2 Nominal gross domestic product: Total and per capita 8.1.2 Produit intérieur brut nominal : total et par habitant
of economic groupings....................................................... 412 des groupements économiques ........................................ 412
8.2.1 Annual average growth rates of total and per capita 8.2.1 Taux de croissance annuels moyens du produit
real gross domestic product of countries and intérieur brut réel total et par habitant des pays
geographical regions ......................................................... 414 et des régions géographiques ........................................... 414
8.2.2 Annual average growth rates of total and per capita 8.2.2 Taux de croissance annuels moyens du produit
real gross domestic product of intérieur brut réel total et par habitant des
economic groupings........................................................... 422 groupements économiques ............................................... 422
8.3.1 Nominal gross domestic product by type of 8.3.1 Produit intérieur brut nominal par catégories de
expenditure and by kind of economic activity of dépenses et par branches d’activité économique
countries and geographical regions................................... 424 des pays et des régions géographiques ........................... 424
8.3.2 Nominal gross domestic product by type of 8.3.2 Produit intérieur brut nominal par catégories de
expenditure and by kind of economic activity of dépenses et par branches d’activité économique
economic groupings........................................................... 442 des groupements économiques ........................................ 442
8.4.1 Population and labour force of countries and 8.4.1 Population et main-d’œuvre des pays et des
geographical regions ......................................................... 446 régions géographiques...................................................... 446
8.4.2 Population and labour force of economic 8.4.2 Population et main-d’œuvre des groupements
groupings ........................................................................... 465 économiques ..................................................................... 465
EXPLANATION OF SYMBOLS SIGNIFICATION DES SYMBOLES
0 Zero means that the amount is nil or negligible. 0 Un zéro signifie que le montant est nul ou négligeable.
_ The symbol underscore indicates that the item is not applicable _ Un tiret signifie que la rubrique est sans objet.
.. Two dots indicate that the data are not available or are .. Deux points signifient que les données ne sont pas
not separately reported. disponibles ou ne sont pas communiquées séparément.
- The use of a hyphen on data area means that data is estimated - Le trait d’union dans le champ des données indique que
and included in the aggregation but not to be shown. A hyphen le chiffre est estimé et inclus dans l'agrégation mais n'est
between years (e.g. 1985-1990) signifies the full period involved, pas publié. Le trait d'union entre deux millésimes (par exemple
including the initial and final years. 1985-1990) indique qu’il s’agit de la période tout entière, y
compris la première et la dernière année mentionnées.
(b) Break in the series (b) Interruption de la série
(e) Estimate (e) Estimation
(f) Forecast (f) Prévision
(p) Provisional data (p) Donnée provisoire
(r) Revised data (r) Donnée révisée
Some exceptions are indicated in footnotes. Les exceptions sont indiquées dans les notes en bas de page.
vii
8. GENERAL NOTES
These notes summarize the content of each part of the PART THREE
Handbook according to the revised Table of Contents of the International merchandise trade by product
present issue of the Handbook of Statistics. Table 3.1 shows the export and import structure of individual
The tables included in this book represent analytical economies by commodity groups for selected years for nine
summaries of the full time series contained in the UNCTAD commodity groups (total, all food items, agricultural raw
Handbook of Statistics 2011 on DVD. materials, fuels, ores and metals, manufactured goods,
including chemical products, machinery and transport
equipment and other manufactured goods).
PART ONE Table 3.2 (A, B and C, respectively) presents the structure
International merchandise trade of exports for the world, for developing and developed
Table 1.1 shows the value of total exports (f.o.b.) and imports economies, by product, at the SITC group (Revision 3, 3-digit)
(c.i.f.), expressed in millions of dollars and percentages of the level. Each product share of world exports is calculated for each
world total, of individual countries and geographical regions economic grouping as well as the average annual growth rate
(1.1.1), economic groupings (1.1.2), and trade groups (1.1.3). and the latter’s deviation in relation to the world growth rate.
The trade flows shown in table 1.1.1 refer to the General Trade Table 3.2D establishes for each economy the list of main
System except for the countries which employ the Special products exported (SITC group, Revision 3, 3-digit level). Each
Trade System and which are marked with an asterisk. The product’s share of total exports of individual countries,
General Trade System is used when the statistical territory of a geographical regions and the world is also indicated.
compiling country coincides with its economic territory. Table 3.2E lists major exporters of 70 leading products
Consequently, imports include all goods entering the economic among developing economies at the SITC group (Revision 3,
territory of a compiling country and exports include all goods 3-digit) level as well as corresponding shares in world trade.
leaving the economic territory of the compiling country. The Table 3.3 provides concentration indices and structural
Special Trade System is used when the statistical territory change indices for exports and imports by product group at
comprises only a particular part of the economic territory within SITC (Revision 3, 3-digit) level. The first indicator shows how a
which “goods may be disposed of without customs restriction”. product market is concentrated in a few countries or
In such a case, imports include all goods entering the free homogeneously distributed among several countries. The
circulation area of the compiling country, which means cleared structural change indicator shows whether the market share for
through customs for home use, and exports include all goods a given product among export countries has changed
leaving the free circulation area of a compiling country. significantly when compared with a reference year.
Average annual growth rates of international trade derived Totals of international merchandise trade presented in the
from table 1.1 are presented in table 1.2. tables of this third part may also differ from the data contained
Table 1.3 contains trade balances (exports f.o.b. minus in the first and second parts for the above reasons, to which
imports c.i.f.) and these balances, as a percentage of imports of must be added margins of exports and imports not distributed
individual countries, geographical regions and economic by commodity group or the use of different product
groupings. nomenclatures by the exporting and importing countries.
Table 1.4 shows the relative importance of trade among
group members as compared to the regional or total trade of
that group. PART FOUR
International merchandise trade indicators
Table 4.1 includes calculation results of concentration and
PART TWO diversification indices for individual countries, geographical
International merchandise trade by region regions and economic groupings. This concentration index
Table 2.1 shows the export and import structure of individual specifically shows how exports and imports of individual
countries by main regions of origin and destination. Data are countries or country groupings are concentrated on several
presented for as many individual countries as possible, while products or otherwise distributed in a more homogeneous
trade partners are grouped in 14 major clusters. manner among a series of products. The diversification
Table 2.2 (A to L) presents the structure of exports by indicator signals whether the structure of exports or imports by
destination and imports by origin by major commodity groups product of a given country or country grouping differs from the
for 12 selected country groups. The table provides detailed structure by product shown for the world.
information on the world trade network for 19 regions of origin Table 4.2 contains volume indices of exports and imports,
and destination and six commodity groups. rounding out trade value available in tables 1.1 and 1.2, unit
Totals of international merchandise trade presented in the value indices of exports and imports and derived terms of trade
tables found in parts one and two are not strictly comparable and purchasing power of exports presented at the level of
due to complementary but different sources and remaining individual countries and geographical regions (4.2.1) and
unallocated trade flows, despite efforts to distribute trade flows economic groupings (4.2.2).
by destination, origin and commodity group. To improve data coverage, especially for the latest periods, the
Exports by destination may differ considerably in some cases following procedure was used in the calculation of unit value
from data on imports as reported by countries of destination for indices:
a variety of factors, among which the following may be of - A set of average prices indices at SITC (Revision 3, 3-digit)
particular importance: group level was constructed using UNCTADstat Commodity
- Most import data are reported on a c.i.f. rather than an f.o.b. Price Statistics, international and national sources and
basis; UNCTAD secretariat estimates;
- There is a time lag between the date on which goods are - At the country level, unit value indices were calculated using
recorded as exports and their arrival at their destination; current year’s trade values as weights at the SITC (Revision 3,
- There may be considerable differences between the recorded 3-digit) level. Trade values are available in table 3.2.
destination of exports and the actual destination as shown in In some instances these indices may differ from the estimates
import statistics. published in official sources, since the main aim is to provide
tentative estimates for most developing countries on a
comparable basis.
Table 4.3 presents average applied import MFN tariff rates
for major categories of non-agricultural and non-fuel products
by individual markets.
viii
9. GENERAL NOTES
PART FIVE PART SEVEN
International trade in services International finance
Tables 5.1.1, 5.1.2 and 5.1.3 present the value of total trade in Tables 7.1.1, 7.1.2 and 7.1.3 present values of the current
services by individual country, geographical region, economic account net in millions of dollars and as percentages of GDP for
grouping and trade group. The tables show values of exports individual countries, geographical regions, and trade and
(credits) and imports (debits) of services that were derived from economic groupings. Balance-of-payments current account
statistics on international service transactions as presented in data cover all transactions between residents and non-residents
the International Monetary Fund’s (IMF’s) Balance of Payments of a reporting economy. In general, the current account balance
Statistics. Services are defined as the economic output of describes the difference between current receipts and
intangible commodities that may be produced, transferred and expenditures for internationally traded goods, services and
consumed at the same time. However, services cover a income payments. At the same time, from a national
heterogeneous range of intangible products and activities that perspective, the current account balance would equal the gap
are difficult to capture within a single definition and are between national savings and domestic investment.
sometimes hard to separate from goods. Services are outputs Tables 7.2.1, 7.2.2 and 7.2.3 contain information on foreign
produced to order, and they typically include changes in the direct investment (FDI) inflows and outflows by individual
condition of the consumers realized through the activities of the country, geographical region, economic grouping and trade
producers at the demand of customers. By the time production group. These figures correspond to the Statistical Annexes of
of a service is completed, it must have been provided to a the UNCTAD World Investment Report 2011. FDI is defined as
consumer. an investment involving a long-term relationship and reflecting a
Services figures shown here comprise 11 principal services lasting interest in and control by a resident entity in one
categories according to the concepts and definitions of the IMF economy (foreign direct investor or parent enterprise) of an
Balance of Payments Manual (BPM5, 1993). These categories enterprise resident in a different economy (FDI enterprise or
cover transport; travel; communications; construction; affiliate enterprise or foreign affiliate). Such investment involves
insurance; financial services; computer and information both the initial transaction between the two entities and all
services; royalties and license fees; other business services; subsequent transactions between them and among foreign
personal, cultural and recreational services; and government affiliates. A direct investment enterprise is defined as an
services n.i.e. Given the general difficulties involved in incorporated or unincorporated enterprise in which the direct
statistically capturing certain aspects of the trade in services, investor, resident in another economy, owns 10 percent or more
the balance-of-payments figures presented here may be of the ordinary shares or voting power (or the equivalent).
somewhat downward-biased as compared with the actual value Tables 7.3.1 and 7.3.2 present values of receipts (credits) of
of the international trade in services. The aggregate data from total migrants’ remittances, in millions of dollars, for individual
tables 5.1 include the UNCTAD secretariat’s estimates of economies and regional and economic groupings. They also
missing values that are not shown separately. show total remittances receipts as percentage of GDP and
Table 5.2 indicates 20 major exporters and importers, international trade. The Balance of Payments Manual (BPM5,
among developing economies, for each of the 10 principal 1993) classifies workers’ remittances, compensation of
services sectors as defined in the IMF Balance of Payments employees and migrants’ transfers separately. In this table,
Manual (BPM5, 1993), which are transport; travel; their sum is given in order to present a clearer picture of the
communication; construction; computer and information flows that enter economies via transactions by migrants and
services; insurance; financial services; royalties and licence temporary or cross-border workers. BPM5 defines workers’
fees; other business services; and personal, cultural and remittances as goods and financial instruments transferred by
recreational services. Government services n.i.e. are not migrants living and working (being residents) in a new economy
included. to residents of the economy in which the migrants formerly
Table 5.3 concerns international maritime transport. It resided. A migrant must live and work in the new economy for
contains data on the world merchant fleet by flag of registration more than one year to be considered a resident there.
and by type of ship by region and economy, highlighting the Compensation of employees includes wages, salaries and other
group of major open-registry countries. A ship owner who benefits, in cash or in kind, earned by individuals – in
registers his or her vessel in an open-registry country does not economies where they are not residents – for work performed
need to have any connection with a country of registry. The for residents of those economies. It covers seasonal and other
number of open-registry countries has varied over the years. short-term workers and border workers. Migrants’ transfers
The group in this table includes 10 countries. Table 5.3 contains cover flows of goods and changes in financial items that arise
consolidated time series from various issues of the UNCTAD from migration (change of residence for at least one year).
Review of Maritime Transport. The Review reports on the Tables 7.4.1 and 7.4.2 include data on payments (debits) of
worldwide evolution of shipping, ports and multimodal transport total migrants’ remittances, based on the same approach used
related to the major traffics of liquid bulk, dry bulk and for tables 7.3.1 and 7.3.2.
containers. Tables 7.5.1 and 7.5.2 present statistics on total
international reserves (including gold) of developing countries
by country, region and economic grouping, in millions of dollars.
Other calculations included show months of imports that these
PART SIX reserves could finance at current import levels, as well as the
Commodities annual change in total reserves. According to the IMF definition,
Table 6.1 includes aggregated price indices for primary international reserves consist of the sum of the country’s foreign
commodity groups such as food, tropical beverages, vegetable exchange, its reserve position in the IMF, the monetary gold
oilseeds and oils, agricultural raw materials and minerals, ores reserves, and the United States dollar value of SDR holdings by
and metals, as well as an all groups price index in current its monetary authorities.
United States dollars. Also included are the annual and Tables 7.6 give a summary of official financial flows by type
quarterly free-market price indices for selected commodities of flow, country, region and economic grouping. Flows from
exported by developing economies. The weight of price indices bilateral and multilateral sources are shown, as recorded by the
for the above mentioned commodity groups (2000=100) are Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development
based on the value of exports of developing countries from (OECD) Development Assistance Committee (DAC).
1999 to 2001. Tables 7.7 present time series on the external long-term
Table 6.2 presents instability indices and trends in free- indebtedness of developing economies. They also provide a
market prices for selected primary commodities that are of detailed breakdown of public and publicly guaranteed debt by
particular interest to developing economies. source of lending. External debt data in this table are based on
the Debtor Reporting System (DRS) maintained by the World
Bank.
ix
10. GENERAL NOTES
PART EIGHT OTHER NOTES
Development indicators
Table 8.1 provides information on total and per capita nominal Unless otherwise specified, country aggregates are the sums of
gross domestic product (GDP) (in United States dollars) by the relevant country data by group. Calculations of aggregates
individual country, geographical region and economic grouping. may in some cases include data estimated by the UNCTAD
The GDP figures in dollars are derived from GDP data provided secretariat that are not necessarily all reported separately.
in national currencies. The prevailing annual average market Because of rounding, details and percentages in tables do
exchange rates, as reported by IMF, have been used for the not necessarily add up to totals.
conversion from national currencies to dollars. Data were collected and checked to ensure that they
matched the geographical coverage of the countries, as
Table 8.2 contains annual average growth rates of total and
described at the beginning of the Handbook. However, some
per capita real GDP by individual country, geographical region
gaps could not be avoided due to data unavailability and are
and economic grouping. The growth rates are based on GDP in
described in the notes at the end tables.
United States dollars at constant 2005 prices.
Unless otherwise stated, dollars ($) refer to United States
Table 8.3 provides data on GDP by type of expenditure and dollars and data in dollars are expressed in current United
kind of economic activity by country, geographical region and States dollars of the year to which they refer.
economic grouping. Average annual growth rates are defined as the coefficient b
bt
Tables 8.4.1 and 8.4.2 provide some estimates on in the exponential trend function y = ae where t stands for time.
population and labour force: total population, urban population This method takes all observations in a period into account.
(as a percentage of total population), total labour force, female Therefore, the resulting growth rates reflect trends that are not
labour force (as a percentage of total labour force), total unduly influenced by exceptional values.
agriculture labour force and female labour force (as a
percentage of total agriculture labour force). The figures for
certain groups may be different from those published by the
sources cited when the UNCTAD definitions for those groups
are different.
x
11. DISTRIBUTION OF COUNTRIES AND TERRITORIES
The country distributions presented are for statistical 2. Economic groupings of developing countries
convenience only and follow those used by the Statistics
Division, Department of Economic and Social Affairs (DESA), of The Handbook provides numerous and varied groups of
the United Nations. They are grouped by economic criteria or by countries and territories in order to provide easy access to the
adhesion to commercial agreements for the purpose of statistical statistics necessary for socio-economic analysis and
analysis and research. development research.
The term “economies”, as used in this publication, refers to Developing economies are presented at three levels of
regions, countries and territories. aggregation: the total group, the group excluding China
(referring to continental China) and the group excluding the least
Country-level data are included where statistics have been developed countries.
reported or where it was possible to make an estimate.
The category of heavily indebted poor countries includes
The composition of country and product groups is evolving in those economies benefiting from the HIPC debt reduction
order to provide relevant statistics for research and analysis. In initiative of the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund.
this regard, UNCTAD reviews and updates the definition and
composition of groups every year. User should be aware that the LDCs and landlocked developing countries (LLDCs) are
changes may impact significantly the figures from one given recognized by the United Nations as categories that require
release to the other. The detailed changes in the groups are special attention from the international community.
thoroughly outlined in the section Classifications at UNCTADstat
website. Since 1994, the United Nations has recognized the particular
problems of the Small Island Developing States (SIDS), even
1. Geographical regions though the criteria for drawing up an official list of SIDS have not
yet been determined. The unofficial list is used by UNCTAD for
There is no established convention for the designation of analytical purposes only.
"developed" and "developing" countries or areas in the United
Nations system. In common practice, Israel and Japan in Asia, The developing economies are also categorized into three
Bermuda, Canada, Greenland, Saint Pierre et Miquelon, and the subgroups according to their average 2004-2006 per capita
United States in North America, Australia and New Zealand in GDP: high-income (above $4,500), middle-income (between
Oceania, and Europe are considered "developed" regions or $1,000 and $4,500) and low-income (below $1,000).
areas. This section includes all countries and territories divided
into three major categories: developing countries, transition The group of major petroleum and gas exporters consists of
economies and developed economies. Each category is further countries whose share of petroleum and gas (SITC code 33 plus
divided by geographical regions. 34) was not less than 50 per cent of their total exports, and
whose exports of these products amounted to at least one per
1) Developing economies: cent of petroleum and gas world share for the period 2004–
This category includes countries and territories in America, 2006. This group is divided into three geographical zones:
Africa, Asia and Oceania not specified below. The geographical Africa, America and Asia.
regions are further subdivided into subregions in order to present
more detailed statistics. Exceptions are specified in table The group of major manufactured goods exporters consists
footnotes. of economies whose share of manufactured products (SITC 5 to
8, excluding 667 and 68) was not less than 50 per cent of their
2) Transition economies total exports, and whose exports of these products amounted to
This group includes countries in transition from centrally planned at least one per cent of manufactured goods world share for the
to market economies. period 2004–2006.The group comprises countries in America
and Asia.
3) Developed economies:
This category is subdivided into four geographical regions: The composition of the groups of emerging economies (in
America, Asia, Europe and Oceania. America and Asia) and newly industrialized Asian economies
(composed of first and second tier) corresponds to UNCTAD’s
World’ total represents the sum of the figures of the three above- Trade and Development Report.
mentioned groups plus the figures of a group of territories and
partners not elsewhere classified, whose composition is detailed The different geographical regions are also presented at
below. Data of these territories are included in the world total if various levels of aggregation:
they have been reported but are not presented individually or in
any group, either by geography, economy or trade. - Africa: Northern Africa excluding Sudan, sub-Saharan
Africa, including Sudan, including and excluding South Africa.
The composition of the group "not elsewhere classified" is as - America: Central America and Greater Caribbean Islands
follows: excluding Puerto Rico, including and excluding Mexico, South
- Territories: Antarctica, Bouvet Island, British Antarctic Territory, America and Central America, and South America excluding
British Indian Ocean Territory, Christmas Island, Cocos (Keeling) Brazil.
Islands, French Southern Territories, Heard and McDonald
Islands, Norfolk Island, Pitcairn, Saint Barthélemy, Saint Martin - Asia: Eastern and South-Eastern Asia excluding China, and
(French part), South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands, Southern Asia excluding India.
United States Minor Outlying Islands, and United States
Miscellaneous Pacific Islands. 3. Trade groups and interregional groupings
- Partners: "Confidential information and differences", "Neutral
zone", "Free zones", "Bunkers", and "Ship stores". These Statistics of trade groups with special analytic interest are
specific partners are only used in the merchandise trade tables. presented according to their pertinence. These groupings
include all relevant economies and are subclassified by
The total of each group presented in the Handbook is also geographical regions, with the exception of following
completed, should the case arise, with data that have not been interregional groups: African, Caribbean and Pacific Group of
allocated to the different elements composing the group. States; Asia–Pacific Economic Cooperation; Black Sea
Economic Cooperation; and Commonwealth of Independent
States.
Two groups have been added in this edition: the East African
Community and the Organization of American States.
xi
12. DISTRIBUTION BY GEOGRAPHICAL REGION
DEVELOPING ECONOMIES
AFRICA
Eastern Africa
Burundi Malawi Uganda
Comoros Mauritius United Republic of Tanzania
Djibouti Mayotte Zambia
Eritrea Mozambique Zimbabwe
Ethiopia Rwanda
Kenya Seychelles
Madagascar Somalia
Middle Africa
Angola Congo Sao Tome and Principe
Cameroon Democratic Republic of the Congo
Central African Republic Equatorial Guinea
Chad Gabon
Northern Africa
Algeria Morocco Western Sahara
Egypt Sudan
Libyan Arab Jamahiriya Tunisia
Southern Africa
Botswana Namibia Swaziland
Lesotho South Africa
Western Africa
Benin Guinea Nigeria
Burkina Faso Guinea-Bissau Saint Helena
Cape Verde Liberia Senegal
Côte d’Ivoire Mali Sierra Leone
Gambia Mauritania Togo
Ghana Niger
AMERICA
Caribbean islands
Greater Caribbean Small Caribbean islands
Cuba Anguilla Grenada
Dominican Republic Antigua and Barbuda Montserrat
Haiti Aruba Netherlands Antilles
Jamaica Bahamas Saint Kitts and Nevis
Barbados Saint Lucia
British Virgin Islands Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
Cayman Islands Trinidad and Tobago
Dominica Turks and Caicos Islands
Central America
Belize Guatemala Nicaragua
Costa Rica Honduras Panama
El Salvador Mexico
South America
Argentina Ecuador Suriname
Bolivia (Plurinational State of) Falkland Islands (Malvinas) Uruguay
Brazil Guyana Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of)
Chile Paraguay
Colombia Peru
xii
13. DISTRIBUTION BY GEOGRAPHICAL REGION
DEVELOPING ECONOMIES (concluded)
ASIA
Eastern Asia
China Macao, Special Administrative
Democratic People’s Republic Region of China
of Korea Mongolia
Hong Kong, Special Administrative Republic of Korea
Region of China Taiwan Province of China
Southern Asia
Afghanistan India Nepal
Bangladesh Iran (Islamic Republic of) Pakistan
Bhutan Maldives Sri Lanka
South-Eastern Asia
Brunei Darussalam Malaysia Thailand
Cambodia Myanmar Timor-Leste
Indonesia Philippines Viet Nam
Lao People’s Democratic Republic Singapore
Western Asia
Bahrain Occupied Palestinian territory Turkey
Iraq Oman United Arab Emirates
Jordan Qatar Yemen
Kuwait Saudi Arabia
Lebanon Syrian Arab Republic
OCEANIA
American Samoa Micronesia (Federated States of) Samoa
Cook Islands Nauru Solomon Islands
Fiji New Caledonia Tokelau
French Polynesia Niue Tonga
Guam Northern Mariana Islands Tuvalu
Kiribati Palau Vanuatu
Marshall Islands Papua New Guinea Wallis and Futuna Islands
xiii
14. DISTRIBUTION BY GEOGRAPHICAL REGION
TRANSITION ECONOMIES
Albania Kyrgyzstan Turkmenistan
Armenia Montenegro Ukraine
Azerbaijan Republic of Moldova Uzbekistan
Belarus Russian Federation
Bosnia and Herzegovina Serbia
Croatia Tajikistan
Georgia The former Yugoslav Republic
Kazakhstan of Macedonia
DEVELOPED ECONOMIES
AMERICA
Bermuda United States of America
Canada including Puerto Rico and
Greenland United States Virgin Islands
Saint Pierre and Miquelon
ASIA
Israel
Japan
EUROPE
Andorra Gibraltar Poland
Austria Greece Portugal
Belgium Holy See Romania
Bulgaria Hungary San Marino
Cyprus Iceland Slovakia
Czech Republic Ireland Slovenia
Denmark Italy Spain
Estonia Latvia Sweden
Faeroe Islands Lithuania Switzerland including Liechtenstein
Finland including Åland Islands Luxembourg United Kingdom of Great Britain and
France including French Guyana, Malta Northern Ireland including Channel
Guadeloupe, Martinique, Netherlands Islands and Isle of Man
Monaco and Réunion Norway including Svalbard
Germany and Jan Mayen
OCEANIA
Australia
New Zealand
xiv
15. DISTRIBUTION OF DEVELOPING ECONOMIES BY ECONOMIC GROUPING
Heavily indebted poor countries (40)
Afghanistan Gambia Nicaragua
Benin Ghana Niger
Bolivia (Plurinational State of) Guinea Rwanda
Burkina Faso Guinea-Bissau Sao Tome and Principe
Burundi Guyana Senegal
Cameroon Haiti Sierra Leone
Central African Republic Honduras Somalia
Chad Kyrgyzstan Sudan
Comoros Liberia Togo
Congo Madagascar Uganda
Côte d’Ivoire Malawi United Republic of Tanzania
Democratic Republic of the Congo Mali Zambia
Eritrea Mauritania
Ethiopia Mozambique
Landlocked developing countries (31)
Afghanistan Kazakhstan* Rwanda
Armenia* Kyrgyzstan* Swaziland
Azerbaijan* Lao People’s Democratic Republic Tajikistan*
Bhutan Lesotho The former Yugoslav Republic
Bolivia (Plurinational State of) Malawi of Macedonia*
Botswana Mali Turkmenistan*
Burkina Faso Mongolia Uganda
Burundi Nepal Uzbekistan*
Central African Republic Niger Zambia
Chad Paraguay Zimbabwe
Ethiopia Republic of Moldova*
* These countries are classified as economies in transition (neither developed nor developing).
However, as they are landlocked States, they are also members of this group.
Small island developing States (29)
Antigua and Barbuda Maldives Samoa
Bahamas Marshall Islands Sao Tome and Principe
Barbados Mauritius Seychelles
Cape Verde Micronesia (Federated States of) Solomon Islands
Comoros Nauru Timor-Leste
Dominica Palau Tonga
Fiji Papua New Guinea Trinidad and Tobago
Grenada Saint Kitts and Nevis Tuvalu
Jamaica Saint Lucia Vanuatu
Kiribati Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
Least developed countries (48)
Year of inclusion in the group Year of inclusion in the group Year of inclusion in the group
Africa and Haiti Asia
Angola 1994 Malawi 1971 Afghanistan 1971
Benin 1971 Mali 1971 Bangladesh 1975
Burkina Faso 1971 Mauritania 1986 Bhutan 1971
Burundi 1971 Mozambique 1988 Cambodia 1991
Central African Republic 1975 Niger 1971 Lao People’s Democratic Republic 1971
Chad 1971 Rwanda 1971 Myanmar 1987
Democratic Republic of the Congo 1991 Senegal 2000 Nepal 1971
Djibouti 1982 Sierra Leone 1982 Yemen 1971
Equatorial Guinea 1982 Somalia 1971
Eritrea 1994 Sudan 1971 Islands
Ethiopia 1971 Togo 1982 Comoros 1977
Gambia 1975 Uganda 1971 Kiribati 1986
Guinea 1971 United Republic of Tanzania 1971 Samoa 1971
Guinea-Bissau 1981 Zambia 1991 Sao Tome and Principe 1982
Haiti 1971 Solomon Islands 1991
Lesotho 1971 Timor-Leste 2003
Liberia 1990 Tuvalu 1986
Madagascar 1991 Vanuatu 1985
xv
