EnergyVille - Focus Stockage - 27 octobre 2020

• Research : sustainable energy & smart energy systems - Ronnie Belmans, EnergyVille
• Power Electronics & Storage - Johan Driesen, KULeuven / EnergyVille
• Energy storage materials - Philip Pieters, immer / EnergyVille
• BattSense, exploit the full potential of battery storage - Serge Peeters, EnergyVille

The world is changing
1990
5.3 Billion
1990
8 000
MTOE/year

The world is changing
1990 2050
5.3 Billion 9.7 Billion
1990 2050
8 000
MTOE/year
21 000
MTOE/year

A distributed, sustainable energy supply
Interwoven energy
vectors
Prosumers in built
environment
Thermal heat for the
future comfort
More electrification Disruptive storage
technology
DC both bulk and
nanogrid
Unbundling:
new services
& market models
Sustainable molecules
More intermittency
and flexibility
Competitive renewable
energy

Policy: European climate targets

Technology: from a classic model…

…towards a distributed, sustainable energy supply
Less energy – more electricity – smart heat
Interwoven energy vectors
Smart grids
Sustainable molecules
Thermal energy
Prosumers
Storage technology
Direct current (DC)
bulk & nanogrids
Internet of Energy
New services &
market models
More electrification
Renewable energy

Classic energy model: Demand drives generation

Renewable energy model: Generation drives demand

The energy system of the future
= balance between different vectors

How to tackle the paradigm shift? The circles of concern

The energy transition: EnergyVille’s vision

EnergyVille - Mission
EnergyVille is a top research collaboration to enable the transition towards
a market-based, sustainable energy system.

EnergyVille - Mission
• Activities:
Basic, applied and
industry-driven research,
both theoretical and
experimental
Developing materials,
technologies and
methodologies resulting
in new products and
services
Assisting in human
capital development
Giving science-based
policy input from local to
global level

EnergyVille: some figures
2009
Founding EnergyVille
Founding fathers: Wim Dries (Stad Genk),
Dirk Fransaer (VITO), Gerrit Jan Schaeffer
(VITO), Koenraad Debackere (KU Leuven),
Ronnie Belmans (KU Leuven) en Stijn
Bijnens (LRM).
2016
Opening EnergyVille 1
Genk becomes official home
base of EnergyVille
2016
First ABB Research Award in Honor of
Hubertus von Gruenberg given to Dr. Jef
Beerten
2017
EnergyVille wins Febeliec Energy Award
2018
Opening EnergyVille 2
2020
Thor Park first regulatory sandbox for
energy

EnergyVille: some figures
• Nationally and internationally embedded in several organisations:
• VVSG
• InnoEnergy
• Flux50
• Catalisti
• Blauwe Cluster
• …
• Revenues (to be delivered by Bert)
• Several high-impact projects:
• Linear
• EFRO/SALK
• …

Campus EnergyVille
EnergyVille 1
EnergyVille 2

Materials & Devices Labs
• Thin Film PV Lab
• PV Solar Cell Lab
• PV Module Lab
• PV Reliability Lab
• Outdoor PV Metrology Lab
• Indoor PV Metrology Lab
• Battery Lab
• Dry Room in the Battery Lab
• Battery Material Interface Lab
• Wind Tunnel & Soiling Lab
• Design and synthesis of organic semiconductors
• DESINE: Design and synthesis of inorganic materials
• Lab for Electrochemical Engineering

• PV Module Lab
• Battery Lab
• Dry Room in the Battery lab

• PV Module Lab
• Battery Lab
• Dry Room in the Battery Lab
Carbon black Binder
Active material

Energy Systems Labs
• Battery Testing Lab
• Home Lab
• Low Voltage Grid Lab
• Thermo Technical Lab
• Medium Voltage Lab
• Building Integrated PV Lab
• Bipolar DC Lab
• Power Electronics Lab
• Digital Grid Emulation Lab
• Smart Charging Lab

BATTERY
TESTING LAB
THERMO
TECHNCAL LAB
DIGITAL GRID
EMULATION LAB MEDIUM VOLTAGE
LAB
HOME LAB
LOW VOLTAGE
GRID LAB
BIPOLAR LOW
VOLTAGE DC LAB
Energy Systems Labs
BUILDING
INTEGRATED
PV LAB
SMART CHARGING
LAB

BREEAM Outstanding label in Post-Construction Phase

Ecosystem: Thor Park -> Regulatary Sandbox
Thor Central:
networking opportunities
IncubaThor:
entrepreneurship
EnergyVille 1:
research
EnergyVille 2:
research
T2-Campus:
Education
Residential living lab
Positive Energy District
Thor Park sandbox area Industrya (John Cockerill)
Flanders Make
• Two to three houses
• District energy system
• Virtual / hardware-in-the-loop
• Data & monitoring in entire district

Solar energy
BIPV & PV Integration
PV-cell/module analysis and
performance optimization
High efficiency PV-cell/module
technology
New materials for PV
PV module ageing and
reliability study
PV energy yield metrology,
simulation & forecasting
PV module-level converters
(including modelling, testing and
reliability)

Electrical storage
New materials for batteries
Modelling, characterization and testing
of batteries and battery materials
New battery cell architectures
Exploratory cell concepts & battery
concepts
Battery management systems Battery integration support

Thermal storage
Intelligent control systems
Compact thermal
storage solutions
Integrated storage concepts

Electrical power control and conversion
Advanced and novel power
devices
Magnetic components for wide
bandgap power converters
Efficient and reliable power
converters

Sustainable heat conversion technologies
Optimal heat recuperation
Low-temperature power
generation
Flexible heat pumps

Buildings & Districts
Building and district energy
performance
Building technology
assessment
Home energy management
systems

Electrical networks
Decision support for grid
operators
Towards HVDC grids
Device interoperability testing
using digital grid emulation
DC nanogrids

Thermal networks
Smart DHC control Network design Analytics

Strategies & Markets
Electricity (energy) market
design
Long-term energy system
planning
Energy monitoring and policy
support
Interoperable flexibility trading
solutions for energy markets

Vision of PE Team:
“Creating disruptive power electronics solutions
to enable a sustainable energy transition.”
Confidential

3
Applications
Confidential
CB – Circuit Breaker
LVDC – Low Voltage DC
MMC – Module MultiLevel
Converter
MVDC – Medium Voltage DC
PoL – Point of Load
SU – Step-Up
SD – Step-Down
SU/SD – Step-Up/Step-Down
(Bidirectional)
VBC – Voltage Balancer
Converter

4
Power Converter – Roadmap – Hardware Oriented
6φ coupled inductor
Integrated Chip Coupled
Inductor
Integrated GaN
3D printed
Magnetics
3D printed
Windings
Combined
Performance in
Converter
Topologies
Magnetics
Modelling and
Optimisation
MOR
Mosfets & IGBTs
Design Automation
Electrical Steel
Foil
Ferrites and SMCs
Shape OptimisationAI
Non-ideal Wires
Homogenisation
Multiscale Modelling
Data Driven MOR
Multiphysics Modelling
Dielectric
2020 2021 2022-2024 2025-
GaN & SiC
Litz Wire
New Materials
New Windings
New Semiconductors
100W 300kHz GaN HSD 95%
SMPS on Chip
GaN BIPV IBC
2 MHz GaN Inverter GaN LLC Integrated LLC
100kW SST for
Insulation Coordination
100 kW SiC Inverter for
EV Powertrain
1.5 kV MMC for power system
models and tools
~30 kW DAB/LLC
Module for fast charging
100 kW Double Pulse Test
GaN BIPV Flyback
1kW 100kHz HSU
PV Laminated IBC
LVDC 3L Balancer Single Pole LVDC Breaker
Wireless Charging
System
>10MHz Converter
1kW 300kHz GaN HSU >97% M:7
~30 kW DAB/LLC
Module with GaN
Dual Pole LVDC Breaker
>10MHz Transformers and InductorsVariable Transformer
GaN Gate Driver considering
Magnetic Comp. Effects
Low-loss and false turn-on
proof GaN Gate Driver
1kW GaN HSU >99% M:25
1kW GaN HSD >99% M:25
4
3D printed Heat Sinks Novel Cooling Techs

5
Circuits – In-House Technology
Confidential
2021
2021/2022

6
HSD Converter
Voltage Reduction: 300:12, η: 93.8%
Circuits – Key-Results
BIPV DC-DC
With MMPT to extract maximum
power from the panels
3L DC-DC for LVDC
Voltage balancing in Bipolar DC Grids
Monolithic GaN
GaN + Driver (imec) and
board + tests (ELECTA)
Full SiC Inverter
3φ 50kW for EVT applications
BIPV – Busbars
Low impedance connection
Confidential

7
Low-voltage DC test facility
• Reconfigurable lab infrastructure
• 100 kW up to ±500V DC test grid
• Unipolar and bipolar configuration
• TN-S grounding or IT grounding
• Power flow monitoring
• Voltage measurements
• Power electronic converter testing
• Connected to other labs
• Rooftop PV test site
• Battery laboratory
• EV Parking
• Connection to EV2 building
(“DC LEC” – “reg. sandbox”)
• Tests
• Voltage stability - power sharing
• Protection systems
• Equipment interoperability
• Efficiency assessment
7
A ±500V BIPOLAR DC TEST GRID
Only safety-approved LVDC
facility in Belgium, part of
“sandbox regulatory regime"

8
LVDC test grid as a “sandbox” (regelluwe zone)
Publications
Converter
DC Distribution
Transients
New Simulator

Power converters as battery interface
Converter circuit level
• components (Si, SiC, GaN)
• converter topology
• control
Electrical system level
• system topology
• sizing of system components
• application
Design trade-offs:
• total system cost
• application performance
• reliability
• energy losses
• installation flexibility: retrofit,
modularity
• …

Example: dc vs ac coupled home battery with PV
+
Industry trend

Example: dc vs ac coupled home battery with PV
Future: local dc grid?

12
Confidential
Modelling - Residential PV-BESS Systems
• Goals
• Link bottom-up and top-down approaches.
• AC and DC grids
• Accurate modelling of converter systems.
• Benchmark for optimal PV-battery system
design and control.
• Achievements
• Developed and validated a setup for
measurement-based models of existing PV-
battery converter systems.
• Established a convex optimization model
framework for design and control.

13
Laboratory Infrastructure at EnergyVille
Confidential
• Labs
• Low Voltage Grid Lab
• Bipolar DC Lab
• Power Electronics Lab
• Medium Voltage Lab
• Efficiency Maximization
• Out-Indoor PV Metrology Lab
• Battery Testing Lab
• Lab Infrastructure
• 100 kW ±330…500V DC test grid
• Unipolar and bipolar configuration
• TN-S grounding (or IT grounding)
• Reconfigurable
• Power flow monitoring
• Voltage measurements
• Power electronic converter testing
• Communication interfaces
• Tests
• Voltage Stability – power sharing
• Equipment interoperability
• Efficiency assessment
• Thermal behavior of
components/converters

More info:
wilmar.martinez@kuleuven.be
ruth.sabariego@kuleuven.be
jef.beerten@kuleuven.be
johan.driesen@kuleuven.be
Confidential

16
Battery Storage Applications
High level revenue estimation in the German market per year
source: [J. Engels, Integration of Flexibility from Battery Storage in the Electricity Market,
PhD KU Leuven (sup. G. Deconinck), Jan 2020]
Need for value stacking

17
Value of battery storage for FCR in Germany
source: [J. Engels, B. Claessens, G. Deconinck, "Techno-Economic Analysis and Optimal Control of Battery Storage for
Frequency Control Services, Applied to the German Market," Applied Energy, Vol. 242, May 2019, pp. 1036-1049.]
Revenues i.f.o. C-rate, battery price and rated capacity

18
Impact of distribution grid constraints
on FCR with residential batteries
• regulatory constraint for assets performing FCR & connected to LV grid
• max 5 kW per connection point
• max 10 assets in each circle of radius 100m
• reduction in FCR capacity depends on participation rate & neighbourhood
• distributed optimisation to maximise FCR capacity
source: [J. Engels, B. Claessens, G. Deconinck, "Grid-Constrained Distributed Optimization for Frequency Control
with Low-Voltage Flexibility," IEEE Trans. on Smart Grid, 11(1): 612-622, 2020]

19
Value stacking: FCR + self consumption
10kWh / 7kW
home battery
Battery + inverter
PV panels + inverter
Household
consumption
Injection meter
kWh
Grid
connection
kWh
Consumption
meter
Consumption Injection
Electricity
Cost
Frequency
Control
Value
battery
No battery 5.8 kWh 10.7 kWh 0.36 € -
Only self-
consumption
0.1 kWh 4.3 kWh -0.58 € - 0.83 €
Self-consumption +
Frequency control
1.4 kWh 5.6 kWh -0.47 € 5.58 kW 2.38 €
source: [J. Engels, B. Claessens, G. Deconinck, "Combined Stochastic Optimization of Frequency Control and Self-
Consumption with a Battery," IEEE Trans. on Smart Grid, 10(2):1971-1981, 2019]

20
Value stacking: FCR + peak shaving
2 x 1MW, 1MWh battery
Frequency control capacity
source: [J. Engels, B. Claessens, G. Deconinck, "Optimal Combination of Frequency Control and Peak Shaving with
Battery Storage Systems," IEEE Trans. on Smart Grid 11(4):3270-3279, 2020

21
Conclusion
• distributed control and optimisation of DER assets
• data driven and model based
• deterministic and stochastic techniques
• combined use of batteries (value stacking)
• for auxiliary services to the grid
• for self consumption, peak shaving,…
• for time-of-use cost minimisation, …
• both for small LV connected and large MV/HV connected batteries

GLOBAL CHALLENGE
FROM REDUCING CO2-EMISSION TO RE-USINGIT
Source:IPCCAgriculture/deforesta3
tion Power/Transport/Buildings Industry Total
Zero CO2 emission of
energy generation,
transport and buildings
Toward full zero CO2
emissions
Key elements:
 Energy use reduction
 Renewable energy
 Energy storage
 Energy management
Key element:
Carbon Capturing and
Utilization (CCU)

ENERGYTECHNOLOGYTRENDS
Maximize renewable
energy generation
Building-,Vehicle-,
Infrastructure-Integrated PV
Assure good financial return
Accurate PV energy yield
simulation/forecasting for power plants
Digitalization of energy
flows enabling‘prosumers’ Power to Molecules

ENERGY EVOLUTION
INTERACTING DISTRIBUTED ENERGYVECTORS
Short- and long-term energy storage
Conversion in new fuels

PV HAS BECOME THE CHEAPEST SOURCE OFENERGY
5 CONFIDENTIA
(Combined Cycle
Gas Turbine)
solar
CoD = Cost of Debt, CoE = Cost of Equity L

IMEC PV TECHNOLOGY HIGHLIGHTS
Better monofacial Si solar cells
~23%, certified, industrial size, industrial processes ~23%, industrial size, industrial processes,
>95% bifacial, more kWh/kWp
Perovskite thin film PV
Focus on large area, high efficiency, stability, industrialization
Silicon-thin film
tandem solutions
achieving 27.1%, working
towards +30%
New module
interconnection techniques
Simplified manufacturing, higher
reliability, allowing mass
customizationAchieving ~15% for 12x12cm²
Better bifacial Si solar cells

BIPV  PV BECOMES A BUILDING PRODUCT
Building product – needs to comply with construction needs:
 Protection for weather,heat,noise,...
 Similar size flexibility as construction element
 Safety
 Aesthetics
Challenge
 Cost
 Flexible customization
a building productPV

BUILDING INTEGRATED PV
TRADITIONALWAYOFWORKING
Courtesy pictures: website ISSOL
OUR SOLUTION
 A lot of manual manipulation,hence high cost
 Scalable customized automation, enabling lower cost (industry4.0)
Imec:
 Pick & Place enabled technology through
woven interconnect patches.
 Easily allowing for different sizes and patterns

DEVELOPMENT BIPV SOLUTIONS
BIPV “CURTAINWALL” FACADES
Integrating cells,electronics,insulation into an
easy to place building component
Plug & play curtain wall component

COMBINING SOLAR AND ENERGY STORAGE
Shifting solar generation peaks

1E-04 1E-03 1E-02 1E-01 1E+00 1E+01 1E+02 1E+03 1E+04
< mWh < < Wh < < kWh <
Smart carts, patches, wearables and flexible electronics...
Wearable and Flexible
distributed wireless sensors and communicators...
Wireless sensor networks
Mobile-IT
Smart watch, phones, tablets, PC’s
Back-up power chip or PCB
Power on board
Hobby and power tools
Portable electronics
Home storage, micro-grid storage, grid storage
Renewable Energy
Bikes, automotive, aviation, rail,...
Vehicles
1E+05 1E+06
< MWh
Rechargeable Li-ion batteries
BATTERY APPLICATION SPECTRUM

Rechargeable Li-ion batteries
1E-04 1E-03 1E-02 1E-01 1E+00 1E+01 1E+02 1E+03 1E+04
< mWh < < Wh < < kWh <
Smart carts, patches, wearables and flexible electronics...
Wearable and Flexible
distributed wireless sensors and communicators...
Wireless sensor networks
Mobile-IT
Smart watch, phones, tablets, PC’s
Back-up power chip or PCB
Power on board
Hobby and power tools
Portable electronics
Home storage, micro-grid storage, grid storage
Renewable Energy
Bikes, automotive, aviation, rail,...
Vehicles
1E+05 1E+06
< MWh
Power in the
Package
Large capacity
Solid-state cells
&
Smart cells
(sensor in the cell)
3D thin-film
microbatteries
Micro-
supercaps
BATTERY APPLICATION SPECTRUM

NEW SOLID-STATE BATTERY CONCEPT
Thin Li-based anode
Thin solid electrolyte layer
compatible with novel thin
lithium-based anodes
Dense nanoparticle
electrode by impregnation of
liquid precursor and
electrolyte solidification in
electrodes
New solid-state battery
More safety  solid state electrolyte
More energy  dense nano-particles
Faster charging  high ion conductive electrolyte
Longer life-time  protective coatings
Current wet battery

GO BEYOND CURRENTTECHNOLOGY
Expected practical limit wet batteries
Need to switch to
solid-state batteries
Solid electrolyte
processed as
a liquid
with 10mS/cm ionic
conductivity
3D nano-mesh
current collector
combining high surface
area with high (regular)
porosity for Li metal
anodes
Enabled by....
Imec roadmap
to go beyond
current battery
technology
limitations
Target of 1000Wh/L
All Solid-State
cell with 400Wh/L
charging in 2h

IMEC’S INNOVATIVE SOLID STATE BATTERY CONCEPT
https://vimeo.com/263875713

IMEC ENERGY STORAGE
Status & target
8
400 Wh/L
Current status
1000 Wh/L, < 1 hour, target

4
5
FROM MATERIALS TO UPSCALEDDEVELOPMENT
WITH STATEOF THE ARTINFRASTRUCTURE
Large dry room with
pouch cell assembly line
Battery material
development and
upscaling
Battery
testing lab

• 50% increase in available energy
• 23% increase in charge rate
• 38% lower costs on pack level
• Safety control increased/more accurate
• 2nd life : cell sorting more efficient (cost-effective)
SMART BATTERY CELLS
Increasing quality, reliability and life time
Smart Cell
BMS Controller
Smart Cell
Smart Cell
Smart Cell
Improved BMS
Electrochemical storage
Thin film electronics Multiple
sensors+

OTHER BATTERY DEVELOPMENTS
Micro batteries
1
 Material development for materials in the
battery (solid & liquid) : binders, current
collectors, additives
 Interface layers: launching collaborative effort
on spatial ALD buffer layers.
20 µm
Combining high
capacity at micro
footprint/volume
 Application domains
 Medical/implants, flexible batteries ...
 Micro batteries
 Smart batteries and related data analysis
 Integrated sensors monitoring performance, status, ...
Digital lens
Implantable glucose
sensor
Micro drone
Smart pill

22
electrolysis
technology blocks
CHOOH
Industry
Mobility
Consumers & utilitiesAgriculture
CO2
H2O
N2
NH3
H2
CH3OH
C2H5OH
C2H4
POWER TO MOLECULES

ELECTROLYSIS
(4) Efficient ionic transport to maintain charge neutrality
AND balance the electrod15e reaction (electrolyte)
(3) Efficient charge transfer reaction
at the cathodic reaction site
(catalyst and electrode assembly)
cation
anion
(5) Efficient charge transfer reaction
at the anodic reaction site
(catalyst and electrode assembly)
(6) Efficient extraction of
electrons from reaction site
(current collector)
(2) Efficient supply of electrons
to reaction site
(current collector)
(1) Sufficient voltage/current supply
(power supply)

H2 ELECTROLYZER INPRACTICE
2
4

IMPROVED MEMBRANE ELECTRODEASSEMBLY
BASED ON IMEC’S NANOMESH
Ion Exchange Membrane
(acid or alkaline)
Cathode:
Carbon +
nano-catalyst
(e.g.Pt)
Anode:
Porous metal
(carbon) + nano-
catalyst (e.g.
mixture of RuO2
and IrO2)
e-conductive
flow plate
(and cooling)
e-conductive
(gas) diffusion
Layer
seal
Traditional MEA
(Membrane ElectrodeAssembly)
e-conduct
flow plate
(and cooling)
Imec’s nanomesh
based solution
 Thinner MEA
 higher E-density
 Higher effective surface
area with high porosity
 higher current
throughput
 Reduction Ohmic losses
 Controlled catalyst
morphology and nano-
architectures
 improved kinetics
 Reduction precious
materials
 lower cost

NANOMESH ELECTRODES
Replacing thick foams with thin nanomesh
28
Several hundred
micrometer thick foam
Few micrometer
thin nanomesh
100nm
1µm
Higher surface area, same porosity
Free-standing and flexible

WATER ELECTROLYSIS FOR HYDROGEN FABRICATION
Example of HER at Ni nanomesh, Ni foam and C-cloth

FIRST STEP: H2 PRODUCTION BY ELECTROLYSIS
0
THEN: PROCEED TOWARDS ‘POWER TO MOLECULES’NEXT PHASE: CARBON CAPTURE AND POWER TO MOLECULES

• More renewable energy
• Need for energy storage solutions
• Better batteries
• Solide state batteries
• Higher energy density, faster charging and safer
• Conversion to hydrogen / power to molecules
• Optimized electrolysis process using unique nanomesh technology
• Scalable production process using atmospheric electrochemistry
ENERGY STORAGE ... KEY MESSAGES
2

For more information: Philip.Pieters@imec.be

EXPLOIT THE FULL POTENTIAL OF BATTERY STORAGE

2
VISION
Batteries are enablers in accelerating the
shift towards sustainable and smart
mobility, in supplying clean, affordable
and secure energy and mobilizing industry
for a clean and circular economy.
Today the battery market is dominated by
Li-ion technologies with declining prices.
Competition from other chemistries is
rising and can on the long-term
outperform the current technologies.
More and more attention and
requirements are set with respect to
reliability, safety, cost, complete lifetime
including second life feasibility,
sustainability and intelligence of the
batteries.

3
MISSION
We develop technologies and services for electrical storage solutions that
• Improve their safety
• Improve their QRL (Quality, Reliability and Lifetime)
• Assess their “value”
To be applied in
• Stationary energy storage systems
• Mobile applications in an industrial context
• Automotive applications
In order to
• Enable their market implementation and/or breakthrough
• Strengthen their current position in the market
and to serve multiple stakeholders in the value chain

4
ENERGYVILLE PARTNERS – ELECTRICAL STORAGE

X 1.500
@YouTube
X 20.000
@The Korea Bizwire, 2019
TALKING ABOUT BATTERY SAFETY …

IT’S ABOUT MORE THAN SAFETY ALONE
MAXIMISING RANGE
FAST CHARGING

IT’S ABOUT MORE THAN SAFETY ALONE
HIGHER SHARE
RENEWABLE ENERGY
INCREASING REVENUE
MAXIMISING LIFETIME
Deutsche ÜNB
CYCLES

NEED FOR ADVANCED MONITORING & CONTROL
SENSING &
HIGH VOLT. CONTROL
PERFORMANCE
MANAGEMENT
DIAGNOSTICS
INTERFACING
PROTECTION

• MODULAR MASTER-SLAVE CONFIGURATION
• FLEXIBLE IN HARDWARE & SOFTWARE
• PATENTED TECHNOLOGY & ALGORITHMS
• BASED ON BATTERY EXPERTISE
• MULTI-CHEMISTRY & APPLICATION SUPPORT
• READY FOR HYBRID STORAGE SYSTEMS
• FOLLOWING AND GUIDING REGULATION
• FOR BATTERY CELL INTEGRATORS, BMS & EMS DEVELOPERS
WE DEVELOP WHAT YOU NEED,
NOT ONLY WHAT YOU ASK
M
S
S

WE DEVELOP WHAT YOU NEED,
NOT ONLY WHAT YOU ASK

SERVING YOU WITH THE PROMISED PERFORMANCE
CURRENTILLUSTRATIVE
CONSERVATIVE SAFE OPERATING AREA
PREFERRED OPERATING AREA
ADVANCED SAFE OPERATING AREA
MAXIMISING LIFETIME
INCREASING REVENUE
FASTER CHARGING
BETTER DIMENSIONING

INCREASING REVENUE & MAXIMISING LIFETIME
CAUSES
t, high/low T,
high/low V, I, s
BATTERY DEGRADATION
EFFECT
Capacity fade
Power fade
QUESTION: HOW TO USE A BATTERY TO EXTEND ITS LIFETIME WITHOUT SACRIFING PERFORMANCE?
Jorn M. Reniers et al., J. Electrochem. Soc. 2019 volume 166, issue 14, A3189-A3200

• WHOLESALE ARBITRAGE
• APPLICATION WITH FREEDOM IN USING THE BATTERY
• TRADE POWER ON THE DAY-AHEAD MARKET
• REVENUE -> BUY CHEAP & SELL EXPENSIVE
• BUT USAGE -> DEGRADATION COST
• MODEL FORMULATION IS THE KEY
CASE STUDY
Day-ahead wholesale price in 2014 in Belgium
• BASE BATTERY MODELS AND DEGRADATION MODEL
ADD-ONS
• COMPARE DEGRADATION PREDICTIONS WITH
DEGRADATION EXPERIMENTS
• COMPARE PERFORMANCE IN PRICE ARBITRAGE

CONVENTIONAL – don’t care about degradation degradation
• EMS are considering batteries just as
a another asset to engage and
disengage
• ‘end-of-life’ when 20% capacity has
been lost

CONVENTIONAL – care about degradation
• Accounting for degradation reduces it
from 15% to 2.5%

ADVANCED MODEL
CONVENTIONAL – care about degradation

DEGRADATION
• ‘END-OF-LIFE’ WHEN 20% CAPACITY
HAS BEEN LOST
• ACCOUNTING FOR DEGRADATION
REDUCES IT FROM 15% TO 2.5%
• PHYSICS-BASED MODEL VS
CONVENTIONAL APPROACH
REDUCES DEGRADATION TO 1.7%
ECONOMIC EFFECTS
• ACCOUNTING FOR DEGRADATION
REDUCES REVENUE BY 20% AND
DEGRADATION COST BY 83%
• PHYSICS-BASED MODEL INCREASES
REVENUE BY 17% AND DECREASES
DEGRADATION COST BY 30%
THE EMS IS CARRYING THE MODEL AND THE BMS
DELIVERS THE PARAMETERS TO FEED THE MODEL.

ALWAYS ON THE WAY TO …
MORE INTELLIGENT SYSTEMS
INCREASING FLEXIBILITY
IMPROVING SAFETY & PERFORMANCE
IMPROVING COST STRUCTURE
+

LET’S WORK TOGETHER TOWARDS OUR
RECHARGEABLE FUTURE
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EnergyVille - Focus Stockage - 27 octobre 2020

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EnergyVille - Focus Stockage - 27 octobre 2020