Fruits come in a variety of shapes, sizes, and colors. Some common fruits eaten worldwide include apples, oranges, bananas, and grapes. Fruits are nutritious and contain vitamins, minerals, and fiber that are important for our health.
Adm.Integrada - Prof. Me. Fábio MachadoFabio Machado
O documento apresenta informações sobre o professor Fábio Machado, incluindo sua formação acadêmica e experiência profissional. Ele ministra aulas de Administração Integrada e possui contatos em diferentes plataformas. O documento também discute gestão da qualidade, sistemas de gestão, processos e medição do desempenho de processos.
O documento apresenta o perfil profissional do Prof. Fábio Machado, incluindo sua formação acadêmica e experiência profissional. Ele ministra a disciplina de Administração Estratégica e fornece seus contatos. O documento também lista os assuntos que serão abordados na disciplina, como modelos de gestão, análise estratégica e vantagem competitiva.
Estrategia e marketing - Prof. Me. Fábio MachadoFabio Machado
1. O documento apresenta informações sobre o professor Fábio Machado, incluindo sua formação acadêmica e experiência profissional.
2. O documento também fornece detalhes sobre o curso de Administração Estratégica ministrado pelo professor, incluindo tópicos como análise estratégica, vantagem competitiva e planejamento estratégico.
3. O resumo fornece as informações essenciais sobre o perfil do professor e o conteúdo geral do curso de Administração Estratégica.
1) A strategic inflection point occurs when an industry undergoes a "10X" change that shifts the balance of competitive forces, requiring companies to change their strategies.
2) When a strategic inflection point happens, companies must experiment and tolerate chaos to identify new opportunities, while also bringing order through focused strategic actions and resource reallocation.
3) Successfully navigating a strategic inflection point requires an open debate between senior and middle management to identify the right strategic direction, followed by single-minded pursuit of the new strategic goal.
1) O documento apresenta o perfil profissional de Fábio Machado, professor de geopolítica, incluindo sua formação acadêmica e experiência profissional;
2) Apresenta um resumo sobre os principais conceitos e temas relacionados à geopolítica, como globalização, integração econômica e desenvolvimento humano.
3) Fornece contatos de Fábio Machado para aqueles interessados em seus serviços como consultor e palestrante.
Fruits come in a variety of shapes, sizes, and colors. Some common fruits eaten worldwide include apples, oranges, bananas, and grapes. Fruits are nutritious and contain vitamins, minerals, and fiber that are important for our health.
Adm.Integrada - Prof. Me. Fábio MachadoFabio Machado
O documento apresenta informações sobre o professor Fábio Machado, incluindo sua formação acadêmica e experiência profissional. Ele ministra aulas de Administração Integrada e possui contatos em diferentes plataformas. O documento também discute gestão da qualidade, sistemas de gestão, processos e medição do desempenho de processos.
O documento apresenta o perfil profissional do Prof. Fábio Machado, incluindo sua formação acadêmica e experiência profissional. Ele ministra a disciplina de Administração Estratégica e fornece seus contatos. O documento também lista os assuntos que serão abordados na disciplina, como modelos de gestão, análise estratégica e vantagem competitiva.
Estrategia e marketing - Prof. Me. Fábio MachadoFabio Machado
1. O documento apresenta informações sobre o professor Fábio Machado, incluindo sua formação acadêmica e experiência profissional.
2. O documento também fornece detalhes sobre o curso de Administração Estratégica ministrado pelo professor, incluindo tópicos como análise estratégica, vantagem competitiva e planejamento estratégico.
3. O resumo fornece as informações essenciais sobre o perfil do professor e o conteúdo geral do curso de Administração Estratégica.
1) A strategic inflection point occurs when an industry undergoes a "10X" change that shifts the balance of competitive forces, requiring companies to change their strategies.
2) When a strategic inflection point happens, companies must experiment and tolerate chaos to identify new opportunities, while also bringing order through focused strategic actions and resource reallocation.
3) Successfully navigating a strategic inflection point requires an open debate between senior and middle management to identify the right strategic direction, followed by single-minded pursuit of the new strategic goal.
1) O documento apresenta o perfil profissional de Fábio Machado, professor de geopolítica, incluindo sua formação acadêmica e experiência profissional;
2) Apresenta um resumo sobre os principais conceitos e temas relacionados à geopolítica, como globalização, integração econômica e desenvolvimento humano.
3) Fornece contatos de Fábio Machado para aqueles interessados em seus serviços como consultor e palestrante.
Processos Organizacionais - Prof. Me. Fábio MachadoFabio Machado
O documento apresenta informações sobre um professor de processo organizacional na UNIP. Em três frases ou menos, o documento fornece detalhes sobre a formação acadêmica e experiência profissional do professor, além de apresentar os temas e metodologia de avaliação da disciplina ministrada.
Gestão de logistica - Prof. Me. Fábio MachadoFabio Machado
O documento apresenta um resumo biográfico e profissional do professor Fábio Machado, que leciona Gestão de Suprimentos e Logística. Ele possui graduação em Administração de Empresas, MBA e mestrado, além de experiência em consultoria e palestras sobre temas administrativos. O documento também lista os principais assuntos abordados no curso de Gestão de Suprimentos e Logística ministrado por ele.
O documento descreve um resumo biográfico e profissional do Prof. Me. Fábio Machado, que leciona Pesquisa Operacional. O texto também fornece um breve histórico da Pesquisa Operacional, desde sua origem para resolver problemas logísticos e estratégicos na Segunda Guerra Mundial até seu uso atual em empresas.
This document discusses private enforcement of EU competition law and a case brought by the European Commission seeking compensation for harm suffered due to an elevators cartel. Specifically:
- The European Commission represented the EU before a Belgian commercial court, claiming €7.06 million in damages from the cartel for contracts with EU institutions in Belgium and Luxembourg.
- The court referred questions to the EU Court of Justice on the Commission's authority to represent the EU and whether rights to a fair trial were respected.
- The Court ruled the Commission could represent the EU and that rights to a fair trial were upheld, as review of the Commission's decision was possible and national courts determine individual damages.
This document lists different weather conditions including thunder and lightning, heavy rain, mist or fog, strong winds, snow, sunshine, cloudy, and hail.
A Summary of the Final Rules on the Regulation of Yield Spread PremiumsDominick Sartorio
The Federal Reserve enacted new rules in August that banned the practice of yield spread premiums, whereby lenders pay mortgage brokers a bonus to give borrowers a higher interest rate loan. Yield spread premiums were defined as unfairly leading homebuyers into higher rate mortgages. The ban was created to protect consumers from misleading lending practices and allow homebuyers to choose the loan best suited to their financial needs. The final rules on regulating yield spread premiums took effect on April 1, 2011 to enhance consumer safety and protection.
An introduction to guidelines that are explained more fully in The Global English Style Guide: Writing Clearn, Translatable Documentation for a Global Market, by John R. Kohl.
2008 newwa annual conference in burlington vt chloramine talknewwadisinfection
This document summarizes the use of chloramines as a secondary disinfectant and discusses the case study of Washington D.C. switching to chloramines in 2000. It led to increased lead levels due to changes in water chemistry that increased lead leaching from pipes and fixtures. The key factors were the more reducing environment created by chloramines and nitrification, which further lowered the oxidizing reduction potential. To resolve the problem, Washington D.C. switched back to free chlorine temporarily, began adding orthophosphate for corrosion control, and pledged to accelerate replacing lead service lines. Proper corrosion control requires balancing many chemical and environmental factors.
This document contains information about a student Celia's daily schedule at school, including her lessons, timetable, how she gets to school, what is in her school bag, and details about her school day on Monday. It lists the subjects taught each day, the times of classes, and includes a short profile of Celia describing her age, school, preferred method of transport, favorite and least favorite subjects, lunch preference, and time she finishes for the day.
The document discusses different pets like rabbits, dogs, cats, and farm animals like chickens, sheep, and cows. It provides information on what each animal eats and the names for babies and males/females of each species. For example, it states that rabbits eat vegetables, dogs eat bones, cats eat fish, chickens eat seeds, sheep eat grass, and cows also eat grass. It also identifies that babies are called puppies for dogs, kittens for cats, chicks for chickens, lambs for sheep, and calves for cows.
Processos Organizacionais - Prof. Me. Fábio MachadoFabio Machado
O documento apresenta informações sobre um professor de processo organizacional na UNIP. Em três frases ou menos, o documento fornece detalhes sobre a formação acadêmica e experiência profissional do professor, além de apresentar os temas e metodologia de avaliação da disciplina ministrada.
Gestão de logistica - Prof. Me. Fábio MachadoFabio Machado
O documento apresenta um resumo biográfico e profissional do professor Fábio Machado, que leciona Gestão de Suprimentos e Logística. Ele possui graduação em Administração de Empresas, MBA e mestrado, além de experiência em consultoria e palestras sobre temas administrativos. O documento também lista os principais assuntos abordados no curso de Gestão de Suprimentos e Logística ministrado por ele.
O documento descreve um resumo biográfico e profissional do Prof. Me. Fábio Machado, que leciona Pesquisa Operacional. O texto também fornece um breve histórico da Pesquisa Operacional, desde sua origem para resolver problemas logísticos e estratégicos na Segunda Guerra Mundial até seu uso atual em empresas.
This document discusses private enforcement of EU competition law and a case brought by the European Commission seeking compensation for harm suffered due to an elevators cartel. Specifically:
- The European Commission represented the EU before a Belgian commercial court, claiming €7.06 million in damages from the cartel for contracts with EU institutions in Belgium and Luxembourg.
- The court referred questions to the EU Court of Justice on the Commission's authority to represent the EU and whether rights to a fair trial were respected.
- The Court ruled the Commission could represent the EU and that rights to a fair trial were upheld, as review of the Commission's decision was possible and national courts determine individual damages.
This document lists different weather conditions including thunder and lightning, heavy rain, mist or fog, strong winds, snow, sunshine, cloudy, and hail.
A Summary of the Final Rules on the Regulation of Yield Spread PremiumsDominick Sartorio
The Federal Reserve enacted new rules in August that banned the practice of yield spread premiums, whereby lenders pay mortgage brokers a bonus to give borrowers a higher interest rate loan. Yield spread premiums were defined as unfairly leading homebuyers into higher rate mortgages. The ban was created to protect consumers from misleading lending practices and allow homebuyers to choose the loan best suited to their financial needs. The final rules on regulating yield spread premiums took effect on April 1, 2011 to enhance consumer safety and protection.
An introduction to guidelines that are explained more fully in The Global English Style Guide: Writing Clearn, Translatable Documentation for a Global Market, by John R. Kohl.
2008 newwa annual conference in burlington vt chloramine talknewwadisinfection
This document summarizes the use of chloramines as a secondary disinfectant and discusses the case study of Washington D.C. switching to chloramines in 2000. It led to increased lead levels due to changes in water chemistry that increased lead leaching from pipes and fixtures. The key factors were the more reducing environment created by chloramines and nitrification, which further lowered the oxidizing reduction potential. To resolve the problem, Washington D.C. switched back to free chlorine temporarily, began adding orthophosphate for corrosion control, and pledged to accelerate replacing lead service lines. Proper corrosion control requires balancing many chemical and environmental factors.
This document contains information about a student Celia's daily schedule at school, including her lessons, timetable, how she gets to school, what is in her school bag, and details about her school day on Monday. It lists the subjects taught each day, the times of classes, and includes a short profile of Celia describing her age, school, preferred method of transport, favorite and least favorite subjects, lunch preference, and time she finishes for the day.
The document discusses different pets like rabbits, dogs, cats, and farm animals like chickens, sheep, and cows. It provides information on what each animal eats and the names for babies and males/females of each species. For example, it states that rabbits eat vegetables, dogs eat bones, cats eat fish, chickens eat seeds, sheep eat grass, and cows also eat grass. It also identifies that babies are called puppies for dogs, kittens for cats, chicks for chickens, lambs for sheep, and calves for cows.
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The document discusses changes to Brazil's competition law and merger notification thresholds. Specifically:
- Brazil's new competition law increased the turnover thresholds for merger notification such that a filing is now required when one party's turnover exceeds BRL 750m and the other exceeds BRL 75m, up from previous thresholds of BRL 400m and BRL 30m.
- These higher thresholds have reduced the number of merger filings to Brazil's competition authority (CADE) by at least 30%.
- Fines between BRL 60,000 to BRL 60m can now be imposed for sharing sensitive information before transaction completion (gun jumping).
Le laboratoire du droit processuel de la concurrence - Revue Lamy de la Concu...Anne Tercinet
Clémence, Leniency programme; Union européenne; France et Etats-Unis; Coopération internationale; transaction; settlement; non contestation des griefs; compliance; programme de conformité
Revue Lamy Concurrence 2011 N°29 - Enquêtes et coopération internationale en ...Anne Tercinet
Dans une perspective historique, cet article se propose de dresser un état des lieux et une typologie de la coopération telle qu’elle existe à travers le monde en matière de lutte contre les pratiques anticoncurrentielles. Un constat s’impose la coopération est principalement bilatérale. Elle intervient tant dans la phase de pré-enquête que lors de l’enquête ou de la post-enquête et fait appel à de nombreux acteurs. Son corpus est remarquablement large et se compose tant d’outils spécifiques que non spécifiques au droit de la concurrence.
Revue Lamy Concurrence 2011 N°29 - Enquêtes et coopération internationale en ...
Etats unis
1. impose ge´ne´ralement une pe´riode de 30 jours avant que
l’ope´ration puisse eˆtre re´alise´e.
Le 28 juin 2013,25
la Federal Trade Commission (FTC) a
codifie´ sa pratique de longue date, permettant aux socie´te´s
qui ont retire´ leur dossier de le soumettre a` nouveau en
obtenant une deuxie`me pe´riode de 30 jours sans avoir a`
payer de frais supple´mentaires. Si une entreprise qui a
soumis une notification la retire puis la soumet a` nouveau
sous deux jours, la pe´riode d’attente rede´marre.
De plus, les nouvelles re`gles vont harmoniser le traitement
que font la Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) et la
FTC des transactions cloˆture´es : les transactions HSR pour
lesquelles il y a une notification de retrait devant la SEC sont
re´pute´es eˆtre retire´es au jour de la notification SEC, bien que
les parties soient tenues de les notifier par lettre aux
agences lorsque la notification SEC est faite.
Les autorite´s ame´ricaines signalent e´galement qu’elles
entendent poursuivre les socie´te´s ou individus qui ne
respecteraient pas leur obligation de notification, dans le
cas meˆme ou` il n’y avait pas de pre´occupations
concurrentielles, et particulie`rement lorsque plusieurs
notifications ont e´te´ e´vite´es. Le 20 juin 2013,26
le
Department of Justice a annonce´ une sanction civile de
720 000 de dollars a` l’encontre d’une entreprise pour avoir
viole´ l’obligation de notifier la concentration en raison de
l’absence d’une notification HSR et ne pas avoir observe´ la
pe´riode d’attente de 30 jours. Depuis cette date, au meˆme
titre que l’entreprise sanctionne´e, un autre investisseur qui a
fait plusieurs acquisitions sans les notifier et observer la
pe´riode d’attente a lui accepte´ de payer une amende de
480 000 de dollars.
ETATS-UNIS : LE VOLET AMERICAIN DE L’AFFAIRE
E-BOOKS
On se souvient du volet europe´en de l’affaire.27
Aux Etats-
Unis, tout a commence´ le 11 avril 2012 par une plainte au
civil porte´e par le procureur ge´ne´ral des Etats-Unis enre-
gistre´e par l’US District Court Judge Denise Cote pour le
Southern District de New York, a` l’encontre d’Apple, Inc. et
des cinq principaux e´diteurs d’e-books, a` savoir Hachette,
HarperCollins, Macmillan, le groupe Penguin, et Simon &
Schuster. Apple e´tait e´galement poursuivi par 33 state
attorneys general. La finalite´ de l’action intente´e par le DoJ
e´tait de faire reconnaıˆtre comme ille´gaux les contrats et
pratiques en cause et d’enjoindre les e´diteurs ainsi qu’Apple
a` cesser de violer les re`gles de droit de la concurrence et
restaurer la concurrence mise a` mal par les pratiques
ille´gales.
Les 17 mai, 12 aouˆt, 5 et 6 de´cembre, des jugements
reconnaissant la violation de la s.1 du Sherman Act ont e´te´
requires the parties to observe a 30-day waiting period
before a transaction can be consummated.
On June 28, 2013, the US Federal Trade Commission
(FTC) codified its long-standing practice allowing filing
companies that withdraw and then promptly refile HSR
filings to obtain a second 30-day waiting period without
having to pay an additional filing fee. If an HSR filer
withdraws its notification and then refiles the same
notification within two business days, the waiting per-
iod restarts.
In addition, the revised rules harmonise Securities and
Exchange Commission (SEC) and FTC treatment of
terminated transactions: HSRs for transactions in
which there is an SEC notification of the termination are
deemed to have been withdrawn as of the date of the
SEC notification, although parties are required to notify
the agencies by letter when the SEC filing is made.
The agencies also signalled again that they will pursue
companies or individuals that fail to comply with their
obligations to file, even if there is no substantive
competition issue, and particularly when the failures
have been repeated. On June 20, 2013, the DOJ
announced a $720,000 civil penalty against MacAn-
drews & Forbes Holdings Inc. for violating pre-merger
notification requirements because it failed to submit an
HSR filing and observe the required waiting period
prior to its June 2012 acquisitions of voting securities
of Scientific Games Corporation. Since then, as with
MacAndrews, corporate investor Barry Diller had a
prior HSR violation for failure to notify and observe the
waiting period when one of his holdings first acquired
voting securities of Coke in 2010 and continued to
make additional acquisitions until May 2012. Diller
agreed to pay a fine of $480,000.
UNITED STATES: THE US SIDE OF THE E-BOOKS
CASE
One remembers the EU side of this case. In the United
States, it started on April 11, 2012 with a civil complaint
from the US under the direction of the Attorney General
of the United States, who brought this civil antitrust
action against defendants Apple, Hachette, Harper-
Collins, Macmillan, the Penguin Group and Simon &
Schuster. The purpose of this lawsuit was to enjoin the
publisher defendants and Apple from further violations
of the nation’s antitrust laws and to restore the com-
petition that has been lost due to the Publisher
defendants’ and Apple’s illegal acts.
On May 17, August 12, December 5 and 6, 2013,
sentences recognising the violation of s.1 of the
DROIT DU COMMERCE INTERNATIONAL ET DE LA CONCURRENCE
96 *c 2014 Thomson Reuters (Professional) UK Limited and Contributors
2. rendus par la juge Cote a` l’encontre des cinq e´diteurs, et a`
l’encontre d’Apple le 10 juillet 2013. La juge Cote a de´clare´
que les accords passe´s par Apple avec les cinq e´diteurs et
le processus y ayant conduit e´taient ille´gaux car ils
constituaient une entente sur les prix qui violait per se la
s.1 du Sherman Act. Apple avait intentionnellement participe´
et facilite´ l’entente horizontale entre les cinq grands e´diteurs
de livres e´lectroniques. La juge Cote a e´galement e´tabli que
le comportement d’Apple avait conduit a` une augmentation
des prix des e-books. Les acheteurs ame´ricains d’e-books
ont paye´ ces produits plus chers qu’ils n’auraient duˆ si la
concurrence n’avait e´te´ fausse´e, ce qui leur a cause´ un
pre´judice e´conomique estime´ a` plusieurs dizaines de
millions de dollars. Contrairement aux cinq e´diteurs qui
e´taient parvenus a` des plea deals avec l’Antitrust Division,28
Apple n’a pas voulu entrer dans une proce´dure ne´gocie´e.
D’ailleurs, de`s le prononce´ du jugement a` son encontre,
Apple a de´clare´ interjeter appel au motif que la juge aurait
applique´ « a per se standard ». Or Apple conteste toute
entente sur le prix de vente au de´tail des e-books.29
Il est a` noter qu’il ne s’agit pas vraiment, dans ce dossier,
d’un accord vertical sur les prix, ni d’un traditionnel « hub
and spoke conspiracy ».30
Le case law en la matie`re, comme
le montre l’affaire Toys R Us c/. FTC que beaucoup d’ob-
servateurs citent,31
suppose une dominance sur le marche´
en cause, ce qui n’est pas le cas d’Apple. Cette socie´te´ est
un nouvel entrant sur le marche´ de l’e-book. Pour autant, la
Cour a de´clare´ que :
« le fait qu’Apple ne soit pas en position dominante sur
le marche´ pertinent ne diminue en rien la valeur
instructive de la jurisprudence traditionnelle en matie`re
de hub and spoke conspiracy, en l’espe`ce ».32
Ensuite, la Cour a releve´ qu’Apple avait use´ de la clause de
la nation la plus favorise´e pour le prix de vente au de´tail des
e-books, afin d’e´viter la concurrence sur les prix au de´tail
avec Amazon et les autres vendeurs d’e-books, contraignant
ainsi ses concurrents a` adopter le mode`le de l’agence
commerciale.
Concernant le volet relatif a` l’injonction a` l’adresse d’Apple,
le Department of Justice (DoJ) souhaitait que le traitement
d’Apple soit diffe´rencie´ de celui des cinq e´diteurs.
Premie`rement, parce qu’Apple a e´te´ conside´re´ comme
le ringleader de cette entente sur les prix. Deuxie`mement,
parce que contrairement aux e´diteurs, Apple n’est pas rentre´
dans un plea deal. C’est pourquoi sur ce deuxie`me point, la
juge a de´clare´ ne´cessaire33
d’aller plus loin que la
proposition du DoJ. Apple avait 30 jours pour de´signer un
Antitrust compliance officer interne a` l’entreprise, en charge
de superviser les efforts en ce sens, ce qui fut fait. Le
18 octobre 2013, la juge a de´signe´ deux controˆleurs
Sherman Act by Apple and five publishers were made
by District Judge Denise Cote. On July 10, 2013,
Denise Cote ruled that Apple per se violated s.1 of the
Sherman Antitrust Act, in facilitating and participating
knowingly and intentionally in a horizontal conspiracy
with the five major publishers in order to eliminate retail
price competition and raise e-books retail prices.
Judge Cote also established that Apple’s behaviour
had led to the increase in prices of e-books. The
American buyers of e-books paid a higher price for
these products that they would have owed if the
competition had not been falsified, what caused them
an economic damage estimated in tens of millions of
dollars. Contrary to the publishers, Apple did not want
to enter a negotiated procedure. The Antitrust Division
had reached plea deals with five publishers.
Apple immediately decided to lodge an appeal on the
grounds that the per se rule was irrelevant.
First, one has to underline that it is not a proper vertical
price restraint or solely a traditional ‘hub and spoke’
conspiracy. Leading cases on ‘hub and spoke’ such as
Toys R Us v FTC assume market dominance. Apple as
a new entrant to the e-books market is not enjoying a
dominant position. Nevertheless the court held that:
‘‘the fact that Apple was not a dominant player
in the relevant market in no way diminishes the
instructive value of the traditional hub and
spoke conspiracy cases here’’.
Secondly, the Court ruled that the use by Apple of the
most favoured nation clause for a retail price served its
e-books agency agreements. That way Apple mana-
ged to avoid retail price competition with Amazon and
the other e-book sellers and ensures that Apple’s
competitors would be forced to adopt the agency
model.
Concerning the question of the injunction addressed to
Apple, the US DoJ point of view was that Apple should
be punished specifically, first because Apple acted as
the ringleader of the conspiracy and secondly because
contrary to the five publishers Apple chose not to settle
with a plea deal. This is why on this second point, the
judge assessed that it was necessary to go further than
the DoJ proposal. Judge Denise Cote decided to
nominate, on October 18, 2013 two external com-
pliance monitors and not only one, in charge of con-
trolling and assessing Apple’s compliance policies and
procedures. The first one is Mr. Bromwich the well-
known lawyer specialising in compliance who twice
worked for the US DoJ, who will be assisted by Ber-
nard Nigro. This double nomination show how much
District Judge Cote is sensitive to the absence of any
POLITIQUES DE CONCURRENCE
*c 2014 Thomson Reuters (Professional) UK Limited and Contributors 97
3. externes et non un seul comme demande´ par le DoJ
s’agissant du programme de conformite´ impose´ a` Apple. Ils
seront charge´s de veiller aux politiques et aux proce´dures
de conformite´ d’Apple et de les e´valuer. Il s’agit de l’avocat
spe´cialiste de la Compliance notoirement reconnu, M.
Bromwich, qui travailla par deux fois pour le DoJ. Il sera
assiste´ dans sa taˆche par Bernard Nigro, avocat spe´cialise´
en droit de la concurrence qui travailla pour sa part en
qualite´ de directeur adjoint du Bureau de la concurrence de
la Federal Trade Commission (FTC). Cette double
nomination montre a` quel point la District Judge est
sensible a` l’absence de prise de conscience par la
direction d’Apple quant a` la gravite´ de ses violations du
droit de la concurrence.
Sur la question de la diffe´renciation, selon le DoJ dans sa
lettre de re´ponse adresse´e au juge Cote, le fait que les cinq
e´diteurs se soient oppose´s collectivement a` la sanction
propose´e par le DoJ a` l’encontre d’Apple de´montre, s’il en
e´tait besoin, la ne´cessite´ d’allonger l’interdiction de tout
nouveau contrat d’agence de trois ans. La juge Cote a
e´galement conside´re´ cette opposition conjointe des cinq
e´diteurs comme refle´tant un risque continu et se´rieux
d’entente.34
Concernant le dernier volet, celui de l’indemnisation, alors
que les plaignants, Etats au nom de leurs citoyens et
« classes » repre´sentant les consommateurs, ont de´ja`
obtenu 162m de dollars dans leurs transactions avec les
e´diteurs,35
ce volet du dossier judiciaire a e´te´ programme´
par la juge Cote pour mai 2014 devant le juge Wood. Il
semble que les parties tentent d’autres accords amiables
avec diffe´rentes « classes » prive´es sous la supervision du
juge Wood. Enfin, une action vient d’eˆtre intente´e par un
autre vendeur d’e-books, la socie´te´ DNAML qui alle`gue que
la concurrence a e´te´ e´galement restreinte car l’entente sur
les prix organise´e par Apple et les cinq e´diteurs a artifi-
ciellement restreint la possibilite´ pour les autres vendeurs
d’e-books de faire concurrence sur ledit marche´. DNAML
de´clare ne pas avoir eu d’autre choix que de signer l’accord
d’agence commerciale avec Hachette et HarperCollins au
de´but 2010, s’il voulait pouvoir continuer a` vendre leurs e-
books. Il fait aussi remarquer que si par le plus grand hasard
il avait convaincu un des e´diteurs de vendre moins cher que
ledit prix, la clause de la nation la plus favorise´e empeˆchait
de facto toute concurrence au de´triment d’Apple.36
Anne Tercinet
conscience on the part of Apple’s Boardconcerning
the gravity of these antitrust violations.
On the other point, in the response letter to Judge
Cote, the DoJ underlined that the fact that the pub-
lisher defendants jointly opposed the US DoJ punish-
ment proposal against Apple shows the necessity to
extend for three additional years the ban on new
agency deals and ‘‘highlights why it is necessary to
ensure that Apple (and hopefully other retailers) can
discount e-books and compete on retail price for as
long as possible’’. Judge Cote also considered this
joint opposition as a demonstration of a serious and
continuous risk of conspiracy.
Concerning the last part of the judicial process, the
compensation, while the plaintiffs, States in the name
of their citizens and ‘‘class’’ representatives of the
consumers, have already obtained $162m in their
transactions with the publishers, this part of the judicial
file is scheduled by Judge Denise Cote for May 2014 in
front of Judge Wood. It seems that the parties are
trying mutual agreements with different classes under
the supervision of Judge Wood. Finally, a civil action
has just been brought by the company DNAML which
adduces that competition was also restricted because
the price fixing agreements organised by Apple and
five publishers artificially restricted the possibility of the
other e-book sellers to compete on the aforemen-
tioned market. DNAML declares that it has had no
choice than other than to sign the agreement of sales
outlet with Hachette and HarperCollins at the begin-
ning of 2010 if it wanted to be able to continue to sell
them e-books. It should also be pointed out that if by
the biggest chance it had convinced one of the pub-
lishers to sell cheaper than the said price, the clause of
the most favoured nation automatically prevented de
facto any competition to the detriment of Apple.
Anne Tercinet
98 *c 2014 Thomson Reuters (Professional) UK Limited and Contributors
DROIT DU COMMERCE INTERNATIONAL ET DE LA CONCURRENCE