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16 janv. 2009




Epidémiologie et histoire naturelle de l’hépatite virale C
 DU 2009
 Thierry Poynard
 Groupe Hospitalier Pitié Salpêtrière




                                LiverCenter
16 janv. 2009




Plan

• Natures


• Prévalence


• Facteurs de contamination


• Facteurs de gravité: vitesse de progression de la fibrose




                                        2
16 janv. 2009




Différentes natures de l’ Hépatite C

• Historique


• Emotionnelle


• Rationnelle


• Economique




                          3
16 janv. 2009




Case 1: Mlle Koretz-Seef née Optimiste

• 85 ans


• Transfusée âge de 10 ans


• HIV négative


• Pas d’alcool


• Pas de diabète


• A0 F1




                             5
16 janv. 2009




Case 2: Mr Pitié-Salpêtrière
 né Pessimiste

• Mort à 40 ans


• Hémophile infecté à l’âge de 30 ans


• HIV positif


• Alcool 60g par jour


• Diabétique


• A3 F4, Carcinome Hépatocellulaire




                                        6
16 janv. 2009


         HCV Infection
A virologic and fibrotic disease



                                    F4




                                  Cancer
16 janv. 2009




Prevalence of extra-hepatic manifestations

    60
                                                              Fatigue
                                                              Arthralgia
                                                              Paresthesia
    45
                                                              Myalgia
                                                              Pruritus
                                                              Sicca syndrom
    30                                                        Hypertension
                                                              Diabetes
                                                              Raynaud
                                                              Thyroiditis
    15
                                                              Psoriasis


     0
         HCV n=1614           Control n=412
                      Cacoub, et al Arthritis Rheum 1999
                      Poynard, et al J Viral Hepatitis 2001
16 janv. 2009




Plan

• Natures


• Prévalence: Monde, France


• Facteurs de contamination


• Facteurs de gravité: vitesse de progression de la fibrose




                                        9
Fibrotic Liver
                Disease

                      F0
                      F1

                      F2
                      F3
                      F4

Hemorrhage    Liver failure          Cancer

               Poynard Lancet 1997
16 janv. 2009



 Population at risk of liver fibrosis, cirrhosis and
 hepatocellular carcinoma (Millions)

                           No advanced fibrosis              Advanced fibrosis


  Insulin resistance



Alcool consumption



        Hepatitis B



        Hepatitis C



 Hemochromatosis


                       0                 150          300             450        600




                                                 11
Chronic Hepatitis C:180 Millions Worldwide
16 janv. 2009




        Genotype




1,2,3

                    3
                4
        2               6

            5
16 janv. 2009


Mortality 2002
Chronic liver disease (HBV, HCV)

• 1 death out 40 worldwide due fibrotic liver


• HBV 30% HCV 27% 929 000 / 1,6 millions


• Death:	   	   HCV 366 000 HBV 563 000		


  • Cancer	       HCV 155 000 HBV 328 000	


  • Cirrhosis     HCV 211 000 HBV 235 000




                                  Perz J Hepatol 2006




                                          14
J.F. Perz et al. / Journal of Hepatology 45 (2006) 529–538


  a CIRRHOSIS                                                             b       HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA


                                                  Europe
  AMRO-B/D                                                                    EURO-A
  SEARO-D                                                                  SEARO-B
                                                         HBV                                                                HBV
   AMRO-A                                                                 AMRO-B/D
                                                         HCV                                                                HCV
    EURO-A                                                                    AMRO-A
   SEARO-B                                                                AFRO-D/E

  EURO-B/C                                                                EURO-B/C

  AFRO-D/E                                                                    EMRO-B

   EMRO-B                                                                  EMRO-D

                                                                           SEARO-D
   WPRO-A

                                                    Chine                  WPRO-B
   WPRO-B
                                                                           WPRO-A
   EMRO-D

             0%       20%        40%        60%       80%        100%              0%         20%        40%        60%        80%       10

     Fig. 1. Estimates of the attributable fractions of cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma due to infection with HBV or HCV, by region.


HCC were attributable to HBV and HCV. Regional                             cohort [106]. Therefore, implementation of this stra
estimates of the alcohol-attributable fractions were also                  which represents the most effective way of preve
consistent with our estimates. Reported alcohol-attrib- 2006
                                                Perz J Hepatol
                                                                           chronic HBV infection and related end stage liver
utable fractions were generally high where viral hepati-                   ease, is far from complete [107,108]. Other key pri
Poynard et al J Hepatol 2003


   4682 patients

180 HIV-HCV
701 Alcohol
812 HBV
382 Hemochromatosis
2313 HCV
93 Steatosis BMI>25
200 PBC
16 janv. 2009




Prevalence Anti-VHC France

• 1994: 575.000     (500.000-650.000)


• 2004: 370.000     (270.000-470.000)


• 2014: 270.000 ?




                             INVS www.2007, Dubois Hepatology 1997



                                              17
16 janv. 2009




Infection chronique: PCR+ / Anti-VHC+

• 1994:   81%   460.000


• 2004:   65%   240.000


• 2014:   50%   135.000 ?




                            18
16 janv. 2009




“Connaissance du statut sérologique”

• 1994:    24%   137.000


• 2004:    56%   207.000


• 2014 ?   75%   202.000




                           19
16 janv. 2009




Traitement: 2002-2005

• 54.200   Traités


  • 33.600 Naif


  • 20.600 Non naif


• 13.500 par an




                      Deuffic et al J Hepatol 2008




                                  20
16 janv. 2009




Mortality in France: HCV and HBV




       • Deaths associated HCV 3618


       • Deaths attributed HCV 2646

                     Marcellin et al Journal of Hepatology 2008




                                        21
16 janv. 2009


HCV related mortality and treatment impact




              S. Deuffic-Burban et al Journal of Hepatology 2008
16 janv. 2009


  Mortality 2001 World vs France (1% of world)
  Chronic liver disease (20% HCV of liver)
                     Cirrhosis                     Liver cancer

                                 14 000
1,500
                                           6 000
         0,600
                                 10 500
1,125

                                           8 000
0,750                             7 000
         0,800


0,375                             3 500
                                                                                   3 300
                                                          1 200
                    0,120                                             2 646
                                                          1 600
                    0,160
   0                                 0
        All liver   HCV                   All liver       HCV     HCV Marcellin HCV Deuffic
16 janv. 2009




S. Deuffic-Burban et al Journal of Hepatology 2004
16 janv. 2009




1994-2014


    HCV-Ab    PCR+    Informed      Treated   Cured   Dead

    600 000


    450 000


    300 000


    150 000


         0
               1994              2004          2014
16 janv. 2009




1994-2014


              Treated     Cured    Dead

    150 000


    112 500


     75 000


     37 500


         0
                   1994     2004    2014
16 janv. 2009




Où sont passés les 200.000 entre 1994 et 2004 ?

  • Variabilité échantillonage ?


     • 1994: n=6.283 20-59 ans


     • 2004: n=14.416 18-80 ans


  • Morts ? 4.000/an= 40.000 OK pour PCR


  • Traités (et Guéris) ?: 13.000/an (20à60%)




                                    27
16 janv. 2009




Plan

• Natures


• Prévalence


• Facteurs de contamination


• Facteurs de gravité: vitesse de progression de la fibrose




                                       29
16 janv. 2009




Dépistage: Discussion

• IVDU: 70%


• Non transfusés Non IVDU: 28%


• Elargir dépistage




                                 30
16 janv. 2009




Risque élevé: Exposition au sang

• Transfusion avant 1991


• Hémophiles transplantés, hémodialysés, gammaglobulines, chimiotherapies


• Injection drogue intra-veineuse


• Personnel de santé avec accidents d’exposition au sang


• Enfants nés mère infectée HCV surtout si coinfection HIV




                                      31
16 janv. 2009




Risque modéré: Exposition au sang

• Comportement sexuel à risque


• Infection herpes simplex 2


• Cocaine et paille


• Médical: chirurgie, endoscopie, dents ...


• Para-médical: acupuncture, sclérose...


• Autres: tatouage, piercing, bagarre...




                                           32
16 janv. 2009




Risque nul ?

• Urines


• Selles


• Sécrétions vaginales


• Sperme ?


• Moustiques


• Tiques ??




                         33
16 janv. 2009




Plan

• Natures


• Prévalence


• Facteurs de contamination


• Facteurs de gravité: vitesse de progression de la fibrose




                                    34
16 janv. 2009



HCV and Fibrosis: Stellate, Inflammatory and Apoptotic Cells




                         Feld Hepatology 2006
16 janv. 2009



    HCV proteins and Fibrosis,
Inflammation, Steatosis, Apoptosis




            Shuppan Cell Death Differ 2003
16 janv. 2009




Survival of truth in HCV natural history

• 1980-1990: Necrosis biopsy, ALT


  • Chronic persistent or active


• 1990-2000: Fibrosis biopsy


  • Scheuer, Knodell-Ishak, METAVIR


• 2000-2010: Non invasive markers


  • FibroTest, FibroScan…




                                      37
HBV vaccination
                     Fibrotic Liver
 No sex
                        Disease
No alcohol
No sugar
                              F0
  No fat
 No drug                      F1
                                                      FibroTest
                              F2
                              F3                      Screening
                                                      Treatment
                              F4

        Hemorrhage    Liver failure          Cancer

                       Poynard Lancet 1997
16 janv. 2009




Fibrosis progression modeling

• Poynard Lancet 1997

• Kenny-Walsh NEJM 1999

• Poynard J Hepatol 2001

• Westin JVH 2002, Deuffic JVH 2002

• Ghany Gastroenterology 2003

• Wright Gut 2003, Poynard J Hepatol 2003

• Ryder Gut 2004, Yi JVH 2004

• Thein Hepatology 2008




                                     39
16 janv. 2009




Fibrosis progression estimates : Methods
• Fibrosis estimate:
   • « Observed »: 2 biopsies,
   • « Estimated »: 1 biopsy,
• Time estimate:
   • Between biopsies: short, bias, small sample
   • Time of infection to biopsy: variability
   • Age at biopsy = age at infection + infection duration
• Type of association between time and fibrosis:
   • Linear, exponential…
   • Markov transition
   • Time dependent : hazard function

                                         40
16 janv. 2009

       Dynamic Concept: Fibrosis progression rate
Stage Fibrosis
                 Rapid fibroser
METAVIR
      4

                                               Intermediate fibroser
      3


      2


      1
                                                    Slow fibroser
      0
            0    10      20                  30       40    50

                      Duration in years

                        Poynard et al Lancet 1997
16 janv. 2009


Stage Fibrosis
METAVIR            Male, > 40y, > 50 g alcohol
          4


          3


          2

                                        Female, < 40y, < 50 g
          1


          0
              0   10     20                  30     40   50


                         Duration in years
                        Poynard et al Lancet 1997
2313 patients
                                                            31-40
                                                            n=348
                >50 n=149
                                            41-50 n=211


                                                              21-30
                                                              n=851




                                                          <21 n=754


                       Poynard T et al. J Hepatol 2001
Large Scale Studies (AASLD 2004)
   FibroTest in 32,527 patients
16 janv. 2009




Factors associated with fibrosis progression in HCV

 Sure                                                                Not associated
                             Not sure
• Fibrosis stage                                                     • Last viral load
                             • Inflammation
• Age (Duration)
                                                                     • Genotype non-3
                             • Hemochromatosis hH
• Alcohol >50g/d
                                                                     • Mode of infection
                             • Cigarette, Cannabis
• HIV
                             • Alcohol <50g/d
• CD4 <200/ml
                             • HBV
• Male
                             • Transplantation
• Necrosis
                             • Genotype 3
• BMI, Steatosis,Diabetes,
• Schistosomiasis
                              Poynard et al Lancet 2003, EASL 2004
16 janv. 2009

 Expression of liver steatosis in HCV infection and pattern of response to interferon
Liver steatosis in a patient genotype 3 with recurrent hepatitis C after transplantation




          Before therapy            Response                             Relapse




                                   Rubbia-Brandt et al, J Hepatol 2001
16 janv. 2009


Effect of HCV Treatment on Steatosis
Genotype Non-3

                                   Before                After
     80



     60



     40



     20



      0
          Sustained Responders n=461                            Non Responders n=439
                               Poynard et al Hepatology, 2003
16 janv. 2009


Effect of HCV Treatment on Steatosis
Genotype 3
                          Before                          After


100
                                    Viral Steatosis
 75



 50



 25



 0
      Sustained Responders n=113                         Non Responders n=21
                             Poynard et al Hepatology, 2003
16 janv. 2009




Patients are seen 15 years after Infection



           « Qui a fibrosé fibrosera »


      « Who had fibrosed will fibrose »



                       Poynard circa 1990




                              49
16 janv. 2009




Risk of errors : Florilege (2)

• Good estimates with good quality biopsy


• ALT is very useful for clinician to predict fibrosis progression




                                   Ghany Gastroenterology 2003
16 janv. 2009




  Risk of errors : Florilege (1)

• Fibrosis progression is


   • Linear


   • Roughly linear


   • Roughly linear by decades


   • Roughly linear by decades with progressive acceleration after 40 years of age


   • Roughly linear by decades with progressive acceleration after 40 years of age
     despite competitive risks (Gastroenterology 2005)



                                         51
16 janv. 2009




Annual cost of Hepatitis C: US $

• No complications	 110


• Ascites refractory	 18 730


• Variceal bleeding	   19 127


• Encephalopathy	      12 278


• HCC	 	    	   	      32 995


• Transplantation	     108 650

                                 Wong et al. Am J Public Health 2001



                                                 52
FibroTest!
    First Line!




Reference Center
  FibroScan for!
  Confirmation !




      Biopsy!
 If discordances!
16 janv. 2009




Résumé (1): Histoire naturelle de la fibrose

• Grossière linéarité par décades avec une accélération progressive après 40
  ans

• Confirmation

  • du rôle majeur de l ’âge

  • de l’alcool > 50 g

  • de l’insulino-résistance (diabète, surpoids, stéatose)

  • HIV

• Absence d ’association

  • Mode de contamination, génotype non-3, dernière charge virale


                                       54
16 janv. 2009




Résumé (2): Mortalité

• Tueur lent et silencieux


• Deux sujets contaminés sur trois exposés à un risque majeur




                                      55
16 janv. 2009




Résumé (3): Hépatite C en France

• 220.000 contaminés


• 4.000 morts / an (en augmentation)


• 50 % détectés


• 25 % traités




• Le traitement guérit plus de 50% des sujets et freine la progression de la
  maladie chez les autres



                                        56
16 janv. 2009




        Conclusion:

Dépister mieux et traiter plus

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Du 2009 Tp Histoire Hcv

  • 1. 16 janv. 2009 Epidémiologie et histoire naturelle de l’hépatite virale C DU 2009 Thierry Poynard Groupe Hospitalier Pitié Salpêtrière LiverCenter
  • 2. 16 janv. 2009 Plan • Natures • Prévalence • Facteurs de contamination • Facteurs de gravité: vitesse de progression de la fibrose 2
  • 3. 16 janv. 2009 Différentes natures de l’ Hépatite C • Historique • Emotionnelle • Rationnelle • Economique 3
  • 4.
  • 5. 16 janv. 2009 Case 1: Mlle Koretz-Seef née Optimiste • 85 ans • Transfusée âge de 10 ans • HIV négative • Pas d’alcool • Pas de diabète • A0 F1 5
  • 6. 16 janv. 2009 Case 2: Mr Pitié-Salpêtrière né Pessimiste • Mort à 40 ans • Hémophile infecté à l’âge de 30 ans • HIV positif • Alcool 60g par jour • Diabétique • A3 F4, Carcinome Hépatocellulaire 6
  • 7. 16 janv. 2009 HCV Infection A virologic and fibrotic disease F4 Cancer
  • 8. 16 janv. 2009 Prevalence of extra-hepatic manifestations 60 Fatigue Arthralgia Paresthesia 45 Myalgia Pruritus Sicca syndrom 30 Hypertension Diabetes Raynaud Thyroiditis 15 Psoriasis 0 HCV n=1614 Control n=412 Cacoub, et al Arthritis Rheum 1999 Poynard, et al J Viral Hepatitis 2001
  • 9. 16 janv. 2009 Plan • Natures • Prévalence: Monde, France • Facteurs de contamination • Facteurs de gravité: vitesse de progression de la fibrose 9
  • 10. Fibrotic Liver Disease F0 F1 F2 F3 F4 Hemorrhage Liver failure Cancer Poynard Lancet 1997
  • 11. 16 janv. 2009 Population at risk of liver fibrosis, cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (Millions) No advanced fibrosis Advanced fibrosis Insulin resistance Alcool consumption Hepatitis B Hepatitis C Hemochromatosis 0 150 300 450 600 11
  • 12. Chronic Hepatitis C:180 Millions Worldwide
  • 13. 16 janv. 2009 Genotype 1,2,3 3 4 2 6 5
  • 14. 16 janv. 2009 Mortality 2002 Chronic liver disease (HBV, HCV) • 1 death out 40 worldwide due fibrotic liver • HBV 30% HCV 27% 929 000 / 1,6 millions • Death: HCV 366 000 HBV 563 000 • Cancer HCV 155 000 HBV 328 000 • Cirrhosis HCV 211 000 HBV 235 000 Perz J Hepatol 2006 14
  • 15. J.F. Perz et al. / Journal of Hepatology 45 (2006) 529–538 a CIRRHOSIS b HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA Europe AMRO-B/D EURO-A SEARO-D SEARO-B HBV HBV AMRO-A AMRO-B/D HCV HCV EURO-A AMRO-A SEARO-B AFRO-D/E EURO-B/C EURO-B/C AFRO-D/E EMRO-B EMRO-B EMRO-D SEARO-D WPRO-A Chine WPRO-B WPRO-B WPRO-A EMRO-D 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 10 Fig. 1. Estimates of the attributable fractions of cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma due to infection with HBV or HCV, by region. HCC were attributable to HBV and HCV. Regional cohort [106]. Therefore, implementation of this stra estimates of the alcohol-attributable fractions were also which represents the most effective way of preve consistent with our estimates. Reported alcohol-attrib- 2006 Perz J Hepatol chronic HBV infection and related end stage liver utable fractions were generally high where viral hepati- ease, is far from complete [107,108]. Other key pri
  • 16. Poynard et al J Hepatol 2003 4682 patients 180 HIV-HCV 701 Alcohol 812 HBV 382 Hemochromatosis 2313 HCV 93 Steatosis BMI>25 200 PBC
  • 17. 16 janv. 2009 Prevalence Anti-VHC France • 1994: 575.000 (500.000-650.000) • 2004: 370.000 (270.000-470.000) • 2014: 270.000 ? INVS www.2007, Dubois Hepatology 1997 17
  • 18. 16 janv. 2009 Infection chronique: PCR+ / Anti-VHC+ • 1994: 81% 460.000 • 2004: 65% 240.000 • 2014: 50% 135.000 ? 18
  • 19. 16 janv. 2009 “Connaissance du statut sérologique” • 1994: 24% 137.000 • 2004: 56% 207.000 • 2014 ? 75% 202.000 19
  • 20. 16 janv. 2009 Traitement: 2002-2005 • 54.200 Traités • 33.600 Naif • 20.600 Non naif • 13.500 par an Deuffic et al J Hepatol 2008 20
  • 21. 16 janv. 2009 Mortality in France: HCV and HBV • Deaths associated HCV 3618 • Deaths attributed HCV 2646 Marcellin et al Journal of Hepatology 2008 21
  • 22. 16 janv. 2009 HCV related mortality and treatment impact S. Deuffic-Burban et al Journal of Hepatology 2008
  • 23. 16 janv. 2009 Mortality 2001 World vs France (1% of world) Chronic liver disease (20% HCV of liver) Cirrhosis Liver cancer 14 000 1,500 6 000 0,600 10 500 1,125 8 000 0,750 7 000 0,800 0,375 3 500 3 300 1 200 0,120 2 646 1 600 0,160 0 0 All liver HCV All liver HCV HCV Marcellin HCV Deuffic
  • 24. 16 janv. 2009 S. Deuffic-Burban et al Journal of Hepatology 2004
  • 25. 16 janv. 2009 1994-2014 HCV-Ab PCR+ Informed Treated Cured Dead 600 000 450 000 300 000 150 000 0 1994 2004 2014
  • 26. 16 janv. 2009 1994-2014 Treated Cured Dead 150 000 112 500 75 000 37 500 0 1994 2004 2014
  • 27. 16 janv. 2009 Où sont passés les 200.000 entre 1994 et 2004 ? • Variabilité échantillonage ? • 1994: n=6.283 20-59 ans • 2004: n=14.416 18-80 ans • Morts ? 4.000/an= 40.000 OK pour PCR • Traités (et Guéris) ?: 13.000/an (20à60%) 27
  • 28.
  • 29. 16 janv. 2009 Plan • Natures • Prévalence • Facteurs de contamination • Facteurs de gravité: vitesse de progression de la fibrose 29
  • 30. 16 janv. 2009 Dépistage: Discussion • IVDU: 70% • Non transfusés Non IVDU: 28% • Elargir dépistage 30
  • 31. 16 janv. 2009 Risque élevé: Exposition au sang • Transfusion avant 1991 • Hémophiles transplantés, hémodialysés, gammaglobulines, chimiotherapies • Injection drogue intra-veineuse • Personnel de santé avec accidents d’exposition au sang • Enfants nés mère infectée HCV surtout si coinfection HIV 31
  • 32. 16 janv. 2009 Risque modéré: Exposition au sang • Comportement sexuel à risque • Infection herpes simplex 2 • Cocaine et paille • Médical: chirurgie, endoscopie, dents ... • Para-médical: acupuncture, sclérose... • Autres: tatouage, piercing, bagarre... 32
  • 33. 16 janv. 2009 Risque nul ? • Urines • Selles • Sécrétions vaginales • Sperme ? • Moustiques • Tiques ?? 33
  • 34. 16 janv. 2009 Plan • Natures • Prévalence • Facteurs de contamination • Facteurs de gravité: vitesse de progression de la fibrose 34
  • 35. 16 janv. 2009 HCV and Fibrosis: Stellate, Inflammatory and Apoptotic Cells Feld Hepatology 2006
  • 36. 16 janv. 2009 HCV proteins and Fibrosis, Inflammation, Steatosis, Apoptosis Shuppan Cell Death Differ 2003
  • 37. 16 janv. 2009 Survival of truth in HCV natural history • 1980-1990: Necrosis biopsy, ALT • Chronic persistent or active • 1990-2000: Fibrosis biopsy • Scheuer, Knodell-Ishak, METAVIR • 2000-2010: Non invasive markers • FibroTest, FibroScan… 37
  • 38. HBV vaccination Fibrotic Liver No sex Disease No alcohol No sugar F0 No fat No drug F1 FibroTest F2 F3 Screening Treatment F4 Hemorrhage Liver failure Cancer Poynard Lancet 1997
  • 39. 16 janv. 2009 Fibrosis progression modeling • Poynard Lancet 1997 • Kenny-Walsh NEJM 1999 • Poynard J Hepatol 2001 • Westin JVH 2002, Deuffic JVH 2002 • Ghany Gastroenterology 2003 • Wright Gut 2003, Poynard J Hepatol 2003 • Ryder Gut 2004, Yi JVH 2004 • Thein Hepatology 2008 39
  • 40. 16 janv. 2009 Fibrosis progression estimates : Methods • Fibrosis estimate: • « Observed »: 2 biopsies, • « Estimated »: 1 biopsy, • Time estimate: • Between biopsies: short, bias, small sample • Time of infection to biopsy: variability • Age at biopsy = age at infection + infection duration • Type of association between time and fibrosis: • Linear, exponential… • Markov transition • Time dependent : hazard function 40
  • 41. 16 janv. 2009 Dynamic Concept: Fibrosis progression rate Stage Fibrosis Rapid fibroser METAVIR 4 Intermediate fibroser 3 2 1 Slow fibroser 0 0 10 20 30 40 50 Duration in years Poynard et al Lancet 1997
  • 42. 16 janv. 2009 Stage Fibrosis METAVIR Male, > 40y, > 50 g alcohol 4 3 2 Female, < 40y, < 50 g 1 0 0 10 20 30 40 50 Duration in years Poynard et al Lancet 1997
  • 43. 2313 patients 31-40 n=348 >50 n=149 41-50 n=211 21-30 n=851 <21 n=754 Poynard T et al. J Hepatol 2001
  • 44. Large Scale Studies (AASLD 2004) FibroTest in 32,527 patients
  • 45. 16 janv. 2009 Factors associated with fibrosis progression in HCV Sure Not associated Not sure • Fibrosis stage • Last viral load • Inflammation • Age (Duration) • Genotype non-3 • Hemochromatosis hH • Alcohol >50g/d • Mode of infection • Cigarette, Cannabis • HIV • Alcohol <50g/d • CD4 <200/ml • HBV • Male • Transplantation • Necrosis • Genotype 3 • BMI, Steatosis,Diabetes, • Schistosomiasis Poynard et al Lancet 2003, EASL 2004
  • 46. 16 janv. 2009 Expression of liver steatosis in HCV infection and pattern of response to interferon Liver steatosis in a patient genotype 3 with recurrent hepatitis C after transplantation Before therapy Response Relapse Rubbia-Brandt et al, J Hepatol 2001
  • 47. 16 janv. 2009 Effect of HCV Treatment on Steatosis Genotype Non-3 Before After 80 60 40 20 0 Sustained Responders n=461 Non Responders n=439 Poynard et al Hepatology, 2003
  • 48. 16 janv. 2009 Effect of HCV Treatment on Steatosis Genotype 3 Before After 100 Viral Steatosis 75 50 25 0 Sustained Responders n=113 Non Responders n=21 Poynard et al Hepatology, 2003
  • 49. 16 janv. 2009 Patients are seen 15 years after Infection « Qui a fibrosé fibrosera » « Who had fibrosed will fibrose » Poynard circa 1990 49
  • 50. 16 janv. 2009 Risk of errors : Florilege (2) • Good estimates with good quality biopsy • ALT is very useful for clinician to predict fibrosis progression Ghany Gastroenterology 2003
  • 51. 16 janv. 2009 Risk of errors : Florilege (1) • Fibrosis progression is • Linear • Roughly linear • Roughly linear by decades • Roughly linear by decades with progressive acceleration after 40 years of age • Roughly linear by decades with progressive acceleration after 40 years of age despite competitive risks (Gastroenterology 2005) 51
  • 52. 16 janv. 2009 Annual cost of Hepatitis C: US $ • No complications 110 • Ascites refractory 18 730 • Variceal bleeding 19 127 • Encephalopathy 12 278 • HCC 32 995 • Transplantation 108 650 Wong et al. Am J Public Health 2001 52
  • 53. FibroTest! First Line! Reference Center FibroScan for! Confirmation ! Biopsy! If discordances!
  • 54. 16 janv. 2009 Résumé (1): Histoire naturelle de la fibrose • Grossière linéarité par décades avec une accélération progressive après 40 ans • Confirmation • du rôle majeur de l ’âge • de l’alcool > 50 g • de l’insulino-résistance (diabète, surpoids, stéatose) • HIV • Absence d ’association • Mode de contamination, génotype non-3, dernière charge virale 54
  • 55. 16 janv. 2009 Résumé (2): Mortalité • Tueur lent et silencieux • Deux sujets contaminés sur trois exposés à un risque majeur 55
  • 56. 16 janv. 2009 Résumé (3): Hépatite C en France • 220.000 contaminés • 4.000 morts / an (en augmentation) • 50 % détectés • 25 % traités • Le traitement guérit plus de 50% des sujets et freine la progression de la maladie chez les autres 56
  • 57. 16 janv. 2009 Conclusion: Dépister mieux et traiter plus