Mercosur is a trading bloc in South America consisting of Brazil, Argentina, Paraguay and Uruguay. It was created in 1991 with the goal of promoting free trade and the fluid movement of goods, people, and currency between member states. Key objectives include eliminating customs duties and lifting restrictions on the movement of goods. Mercosur has established a common external tariff and aims to integrate member economies and develop common institutions. It currently functions as a customs union. India has a preferential trade agreement with Mercosur that came into effect in 2009.
The document discusses different types of trade blocs including free trade areas, customs unions, common markets, and economic unions. It provides examples of various trade blocs such as NAFTA, ASEAN, EU, OPEC, SAARC, CACM, and ALADI. The objectives of forming trade blocs are to reduce trade barriers between member countries, impose barriers on non-members, and promote economic integration and cooperation. Trade blocs can increase intra-regional trade but also create common external barriers that affect global trade.
Trade blocs are preferential trade agreements between a subset of countries that significantly reduce trade barriers within member countries but maintain barriers with non-member countries. The document discusses the definition and examples of major trade blocs worldwide. It also analyzes the causes of trade bloc formation, including political motivations and pressures to liberalize trade regionally rather than multilaterally. Finally, it examines the potential trade and welfare effects of trade blocs on member and non-member countries.
Trading blocks are groups of countries that work towards reducing trade barriers between members. The document discusses the major trading blocks: the European Union, NAFTA, OPEC, ASEAN, SAARC, and MERCOSUR. It provides details on the founding, objectives, and provisions of these blocks. The European Union aims to create a common market without trade barriers between its 27 member states. NAFTA eliminated trade barriers between the US, Canada, and Mexico, creating the world's largest free trade area. OPEC coordinates policies to secure fair oil prices for producers and consumers.
Trade agreements have led to the formation of regional trading blocs that reduce trade barriers between member countries while maintaining protections against non-members. This has increased regional trade but perpetuated some global protectionism. The largest blocs include the European Union, NAFTA, and ASEAN, while developing countries have organized as the G20 to advance their interests. Poorer countries have benefited less from trade growth than wealthy nations and remain dependent on commodities rather than manufacturing.
Mercosur is a trading bloc in South America consisting of Brazil, Argentina, Paraguay and Uruguay. It was created in 1991 with the goal of promoting free trade and the fluid movement of goods, people, and currency between member states. Key objectives include eliminating customs duties and lifting restrictions on the movement of goods. Mercosur has established a common external tariff and aims to integrate member economies and develop common institutions. It currently functions as a customs union. India has a preferential trade agreement with Mercosur that came into effect in 2009.
The document discusses different types of trade blocs including free trade areas, customs unions, common markets, and economic unions. It provides examples of various trade blocs such as NAFTA, ASEAN, EU, OPEC, SAARC, CACM, and ALADI. The objectives of forming trade blocs are to reduce trade barriers between member countries, impose barriers on non-members, and promote economic integration and cooperation. Trade blocs can increase intra-regional trade but also create common external barriers that affect global trade.
Trade blocs are preferential trade agreements between a subset of countries that significantly reduce trade barriers within member countries but maintain barriers with non-member countries. The document discusses the definition and examples of major trade blocs worldwide. It also analyzes the causes of trade bloc formation, including political motivations and pressures to liberalize trade regionally rather than multilaterally. Finally, it examines the potential trade and welfare effects of trade blocs on member and non-member countries.
Trading blocks are groups of countries that work towards reducing trade barriers between members. The document discusses the major trading blocks: the European Union, NAFTA, OPEC, ASEAN, SAARC, and MERCOSUR. It provides details on the founding, objectives, and provisions of these blocks. The European Union aims to create a common market without trade barriers between its 27 member states. NAFTA eliminated trade barriers between the US, Canada, and Mexico, creating the world's largest free trade area. OPEC coordinates policies to secure fair oil prices for producers and consumers.
Trade agreements have led to the formation of regional trading blocs that reduce trade barriers between member countries while maintaining protections against non-members. This has increased regional trade but perpetuated some global protectionism. The largest blocs include the European Union, NAFTA, and ASEAN, while developing countries have organized as the G20 to advance their interests. Poorer countries have benefited less from trade growth than wealthy nations and remain dependent on commodities rather than manufacturing.
BOZZANO, H. Intelligence territoriale, acteurs et transformationsIT-Gatineau2011
El documento presenta un método científico para el diseño de nuevos modelos de gobernanza territorial que den respuestas genuinas a la gente basados en la inteligencia territorial. Propone aplicar conceptos como la epistemología del sur, las singularidades universales, y la construcción de identidades territoriales a través de proyectos de transformación social con enfoques como la inteligencia territorial.
BOZZANO, H. Intelligence territoriale, acteurs et transformationsIT-Gatineau2011
El documento presenta un método científico para el diseño de nuevos modelos de gobernanza territorial que den respuestas genuinas a la gente basados en la inteligencia territorial. Propone aplicar conceptos como la epistemología del sur, las singularidades universales, y la construcción de identidades territoriales a través de proyectos de transformación social con enfoques como la inteligencia territorial.
Beaudet gérard it gatineau oct 2011-outaouaisIT-Gatineau2011
L’aménagement de la capitale nationale du Canada : un projet urbain à l’encontre de la morphogenèse
Gérard BEAUDET, urbaniste, OUQ et ICU, professeur titulaire à l’Institut d’urbanisme de l’Université de Montréal, directeur de l’Observatoire de la mobilité durable, chercheur associé à l’Observatoire SITQ du développement urbain et immobilier, chercheur associé à la Chaire de recherche du Canada en patrimoine bâti, membre associé au Centre de recherche en éthique de l’Université de Montréal (CRÉUM).
A2 - Romero Gorski, S. Nouveaux territoires en Uruguay, sous-région Plata-Mercosur
1. Nouveaux territoires en Uruguay Région Plata Mercosur Tourisme, migrations saisonnières et urbanisations Sonnia Romero Gorski Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias de la Educación Octobre 12-14 2011
2. L’ Uruguay fait partie de l’ Accord Régional du MERCOSUR, institutionnalisé en 1991 par le Traité de Asunción; Montevideo, la capitale de l’Uruguay, est aussi siège ou capitale du MERCOSUR. La population compte environ 3.300.000 habitants, distribués de façon inégale dans le territoire (180.000 km2), avec plus de densité urbaine sur toute la zone de la côte. Près du 90% de la population habite dans les villes ou urbanisations. Históriquement le peuplement a été défini dans son actuel profil par l’arrivée “alluvionale” d’ inmigrants européens tout au long du XIXème et une partie du XXème siècles; on compte également la présence de descendents de population d’origine africaine, trace du commerce d’esclaves du XVIIIème et début du XIXème. Ils représentent actuellement entre 8 ou 12% de la population (selon différentes modalités de comptage). Quant aux ethnies authoctones, elles n’ont pas survécu aux politiques de persécution et anéantissement qui se sont déroulées pendant les premières décennies du XIXème. Ceci signifie que même si l’on peut reconnaître des ancêtres indigènes au niveau individuel, il n’existe pas de groupes ethniques culturellement vivants, on ne retrouve plus leurs traditions ou style de vie. Par ailleurs, le pays a produit pendant quatre décennies, et pour des causes différentes, des flux d’émigration; ce phénomène perdure en début du XXIème siècle. L’ équivalent d’un 18% de la population vit à l’étranger, est notre “diaspora”.
3. Uruguay et ses départaments de Colonia, Maldonado et Rocha : ENSEMBLE DU MERCOSUR ChilI 756945 km 2 , 15.2 millIons habitants; Bolivia, 1.098571 km 2 , pays reconnus membres associés du MERCOSUR: Source: Bankirer et all. (1996); CEPAL (2000a y 2000b) y CFCE, 2003. Source:: INE (2000). Nouveau recensement national: septembre 2011. URUGUAY ARGENTINA BRASIL PARAGUAY Territoire (millies de kms) 177.55 2780.4 8465.5 406.8 Population (en millions d’ habitants) 3.3 34.3 170.7 4.9 Croissance annuelle total estimé 2000-2005 (en millies d’ habitantes) 20 417 2172 135 Taux de natalité estimée 2000-2005 16.9 19.1 19.2 29.6 TOTAL du pays Col. Mald. Rocha Sup. (km2) 175016 6106 4793 10551 Pop. (recen. 1996) 3163763 120241 127502 70292 Densité de pop. 18.1 19.7 26.6 6.7 Pop. (recen. 1985) 2955200 112700 94300 66600 Pop. (recen. 1975) 2788400 111800 76200 60300
10. Source: direction d’ Architecture, IM de Colonia, 2011; Direction d’ Architecture, IM de Maldonado, 2011. Rocha : N’a pas d’ information actualisée Permis de construction approuvés en 2010 gouvernement départamental COLONIA Logements Commerce Industrie. Bâtiments, cités 21/29.885 (m2) 304/85.546 (m2) 21/29.885 (m2) 31/5.173((m2) Total logements 115.431 (m2) MALDONADO 322.224 (m2) 37.000 (m2) 37.000,13 (m2) P. del Este 148.626 (m2) La Barra 10.653 (m2) Manantiales 8.068 (m2) José Ignacio 8.262 (m2) Punta Ballena 21.978 (m2) Otros 20.622 (m2)
11. Permis de construction approuvés en 1999 Source: INE, Institut National de Statístiques (2000) Logements Commerce Industrie. COLONIA Nombre de permis 332 74 5 Surface (m2) 48559 16990 767 MALDONADO Nombre de permis 1067 151 0 Surface (m2) 149585 44531 0 ROCHA Nombre de permis 184 19 0 Surface (m2) 20783 6840 0