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Hépatites Virales C et B et Infection par le VIH Benhamou Yves
HIV, Hepatitis B and C: global prevalence  1. WHO Factsheets HBV, HCV, HIV; 2. Alter MJ.  J Hepatol  2006; 44(Suppl.1): S6-S9.  350.000.000 170.000.000 33.000.000 2-4.000.000 4-5.000.000
Facteurs pronostiques chez les patients co-infectés VIH-VHC : résultats de la cohorte HEPAVIH  (1) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Sogni P, AASLD 2011, Abs. 246 actualisé 5
Facteurs pronostiques chez les patients co-infectés VIH-VHC : résultats de la cohorte HEPAVIH  (2) Sogni P, AASLD 2011, Abs. 246 actualisé Complications hépatiques ou décès toutes causes confondues (à 5 ans : 10 %) Décès toutes causes confondues (à 5 ans : 7 %) Décès de cause hépatique (à 5 ans : 2 %) Courbes et estimations actuarielles 6 0 6 12 18 24 30 36 42 48 54 60 66 0 40 30 20 10 Mois Probabilité (%)
Facteurs pronostiques chez les patients co-infectés VIH-VHC : résultats de la cohorte HEPAVIH  (3) Sogni P, AASLD 2011, Abs. 246 actualisé Facteurs associés à la survenue d’une complication hépatique  ou d’un décès de cause hépatique (analyse multivariée) Facteurs associés à la survenue d’une complication hépatique  ou d’un décès toutes causes confondues (analyse multivariée) 7 Variables RR ajustés IC 95 % p Âge 1,459 1,029 – 2,068 0,034 Albuminémie 0,891 0,807 – 0,983 0,021 Taux de plaquettes 0,464 0,265 – 0,813 0,007 FibroScan ® 1,300 1,125 – 1,503 < 10 -3 Variables RR ajustés IC 95 % p Albuminémie 0,910 0,855 – 0,968 0,003 FibroScan ® 1,209 1,085 – 1,347 0,001 Stades CDC (C versus A-B) 2,302 1,095 – 4,839 0,028
Facteurs pronostiques chez les patients co-infectés VIH-VHC : résultats de la cohorte HEPAVIH  (4) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Sogni P, AASLD 2011, Abs. 246 actualisé Complications hépatiques ou décès liés au foie p < 10 -4 (logrank test) 8 Fibroscan ®  exprimé en quartiles 2,7 – 5,3 kPa (1 ier  quartile) 5,5 – 6,7 kPa (2 ième  quartile) 6,8 – 10,0 kPa (3 ième  quartile) > 10,0 kPa (4 ième  quartile) 50 40 30 20 10 0 0 6 12 18 24 30 36 42 48 54 60 66 Mois Probabilité (%)
Liver-related (LR) deaths  in 23 441 HIV+ from developed countries ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],The D:A:D study Arch Intern Med 2006;166:1632-1641 Non Liver  Related (LR) LR HCV HBV other
Hépatite Chronique C Chez les Patients  Co-infectés par le VIH
Fibrosis progression
Progression to cirrhosis Poynard, T. et al. J Hepatol 2003;38:257-265  4,682 patients 180 HIV-HCV 701 Alcohol 812 HBV 382 Hemochromatosis 2,313 HCV  93 Steatosis BMI>25 200 PBC 1.00 0 20 40 60 80 Hazard function Age in years
 
Impact of  ART liver-associated mortality in HIV/HCV-coinfected patients Overall mortality Surveillance period (days) 5.000 4.000 3.000 2.000 1.000 1,1 0,9 0,7 0,5 0,3 *p < 0,0001 Patients on HAART* Patients on ART untreated patients 6.000 6.000 5.000 4.000 3.000 2.000 1.000 0 Liver-associated mortality *p < 0,018 Patients on HAART* Patients on ART Untreated patients Cumulative survival Surveillance period (days) 1,1 0,9 0,7 0,5 0,3 ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Qurishi et al.  Lancet  2003: 362(9379): 1708–1713. Cumulative survival
Influence of CD4 cell count and HIV-RNA liver fibrosis progression Modified from Brau et al . J Hepatol  2006; 44(1):47–55. 274 HIV/HCV-koinfizierte Patienten Fibrosis-Progressionrate (IshFU/year) 0,08 0,14 0,22 0,12 0,16 0,20 1,18 0,10 0,155 0,121 n=124 n=150 p=0,004 CD4 <350 CD4 >350 CD4 (cells/mm 3 ) IshFU/year – Ishak-Fibrosis-units per year HIV-RNA (copies/mL) 0,123 0,162 0,121 0,118 n=100 n=88 n=53 n= 83 p=0,005 p=0,89 CD4 < 500 CD4 > 500 HIV-RNA <400 HIV-RNA >400 HIV-RNA <400 HIV-RNA >400
Chronic Hepatitis C - Fibrosis progression ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Mohsen  et al.,  Gut 2003;52:1035-1040. Benhamou et al., Hepatology 1999;30:1054-1058. Macías  et al.,  Hepatology. 2009;50(4):1056-1063
How fast is an HIV/HCV coinfected patient  progressing to liver cirrhosis? ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Benhamou et al., Hepatology 1999;30:1054-1058 Macías  et al.,  Hepatology. 2009;50(4):1056-1063 Fierer et al.,  J Infect Dis. 2008 Sep 1;198(5):683-686 Sterling et al.,  Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2010 Aug 20
Influence of interferon therapy on fibrosis progression ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Ingiliz, Benhamou et al., J Hepatol, submitted, under review
Influence of Anti-HCV therapy on fibrosis progression in HIV/HCV Ingiliz, Benhamou et al., not yet published Ingiliz, Benhamou et al., J Hepatol, submitted, under review
SVR = regression, NR = progression ? Ingiliz, Benhamou et al., J Hepatol, submitted, under review
Current treatment for HCV
Treatment for HCV in 2010 Ribavirin tablets Ribavirin capsule Peg-Interferon alfa-2a Peg-Interferon alfa-2b  180µg/week 1,5µg/kg/week 800-1200mg/d 800-1200mg/d Best ribavirin dose? RBV level? 15 mg/kg? Hb drop? Hb <10g/dL? Give enough ribavirin!!!
Timing for Anti-HCV and ARV initiation  Adapted from IAS–USA panel guidelines.  Yeni P. at al. JAMA, 2004 ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Alberti et al. 1st ECCC. J Hepatol. 2005 HIV mono-infected HIV/HCV <  200 CD4 cells/µL ARV recommended ,[object Object],[object Object],> 200 CD4 cells/µL and  <  350 CD4 cells/µL ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],> 350 CD4 cells/µL and <  500 CD4 cells/µL Monitor ,[object Object],[object Object]
Nunez et al.  AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses  2007; 23(8): 972-982.  SVR (%) 0 100 80 60 40 20 Total 389 End of treatment  (EOT) Sustained virological response  (SVR) GT1 191 GT2/3 152 SVR defined as undetectable HCV RNA 24 weeks after end of treatment 49,6% 67,3% 35,6% 55% 72,4% 90,1% 32,6% 41% GT4 152 262 193 106 68 137 110 19 15 HCV genotype  patients n= PRESCO (ITT analysis): virological response, genotype n=
European guidelines for the treatment of HIV-HCV coinfection EACS guidelines, version 5-2
Side effects of treatment Pitfalls in HIV/HCV coinfection ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],0 4 5 11 12 Interferon/ribavirin therapy  Severity 6 7 8 9 10 1 2 3 Fatigue Flu-like syndrome Psychiatric side effects(Depression) Anemia / Leukopenia / Thrombopenia weeks
PEG IFN/RBV : Specific AE ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Alberti A et al. 1st ECCC. J Hepatol. 2005  .Torriani F et al. NEJM 2004. Carrat F et al. JAMA 2004. Chung R et al. NEJM. 2004
IL 28B polymorphism
IL28B and ethnicity Ge  et al.   Nature  2009 Suppiah et al., 2009 Tanaka et al., 2009
Rallon et al. #165LB, CROI 2010  IL-28B genotypes and treatment response P< 0.001 IL28B Genotyp CC CT/TT 0 25 50 75 100 %SVR P =0.02 IL28B Genotyp CC CT/TT 0 25 50 75 100 %SVR CC CT/TT IL28B Genotyp Pineda et al.  #656, CROI 2010 Nattermann et al. #164, CROI 2010
Pineda et al., abstract #656, CROI 2010 IL-28B genotype and treatment response - Influence of HCV genotype -
Telaprevir/PEG IFN/RBV chez des patients  co-infectés VIH-VHC – Analyse à 6 mois  (1) ,[object Object],Sherman KE, AASLD 2011, Abs. LB8 actualisé *ART : anti-rétroviraux, PR : PEG-IFN α -2a 180 μg/sem + RBV 800-1200 mg/j Schéma de l ’étude 18 Partie A : sans  ART Partie B :  ART* (EFV/TDF/FTC ou ATV/r + TDF + FTC ou 3TC) RVS Suivi (n = 7) (n = 6) (n = 31) (n = 16) S0 S12 S24 S48 S72 TVR + PR PR PR Placebo + PR TVR + PR PR PR Placebo + PR S36
Drug-Drug-Interactions (DDIs) Known and anticipated DDIs between antiretrovirals and anti-HCV drugs in current use and the  HCV protease inhibitors in Phase III development Adapted from Seden K, et al.  J Antimicrob Chemother 2010; 65:1079-85;  Ashby J, et al.  HIV 10; Glasgow; November 7-11, 2010; Abst.  O315. Hepatitis C Therapies Current Agents Protease Inhibitors  (Phase III trials) PEG-IFN Ribavirin Telaprevir Boceprevir PIs NNRTIs NRTIs Entry Inhibitors Integrase Inhibitors No clinically significant interaction, or interaction unlikely based on knowledge of drug metabolism Potential interaction that may require close dose monitoring, alteration of dosage or timing of administration Interaction likely, do not use or use with caution 1 4 4 2 5 5 1 = atazanavir/ritonavir  2 = didanosine, zidovudine 3 3 = emtricitabine, lamivudine, tenofovir 4 = zidovudine 5 = maraviroc 6 6 = raltegravir
Telaprevir/PEG IFN/RBV chez des patients  co-infectés VIH-VHC – Analyse à 6 mois  (2) Réponse virologique à 6 mois Sherman KE, AASLD 2011, Abs. LB8 actualisé 19 ARN VHC indétectable (%) Sans  ART EFV/TDF/FTC ATV/r/TDF/FTC Total 0 20 40 60 80 100 6/7 86 75 71 67 11/16 10/15 27/38 n/N = 2/6 33 50 55 75 4/8 6/8 12/22 T/PR PR
Acute hepatitis C
Acute HCV among HIV+ MSM 1.Luetkemeyer JAIDS 2006; 2.Fierer 5th Works. HIV & Hep. Coinf. 2009; 3.Giraudon Sex Transm Infect 2008; 4.Ruf Eurosurveill 2008; 5. Vogel CID 2009;  6.Gambotti Euro Surveill 2005; 7.Larsen AASLD 2007;  8.Urbanus AIDS 2009; 9.Rauch CID 2005; 10.Gallotta 4th Works. HIV & Hep. Coinf. 2008; 11.Matthews CID 2009; 12. Sherman CID 2002; 13: Backus JAIDS 2005; 14: UNAIDS Report 2008; 15: Soriano JID 2008; 16: NCHECR Report 2008. Europe: 951 cases Prevalence chronic HCV/HIV 14,15 25%: 185.500 -UK 3,4  552 -Germany 5  157 -France 6,7  117 -Netherlands 8  81 -Swiss 9  23 -Italy 10  21 Australia 11 : 28 cases Prevalence chronic HCV/HIV 16 < 1%: 1.000 USA 1,2 : 54 cases Prevalence chronic HCV/HIV 12-14 15 – 30%: 180.000 – 360.000
Monitoring and initiation antiviral therapy Decay HCV-RNA HCV-RNA  wait: cont´d controls  throughout week 48 Initial presentation  acute HCV    2 log 10 negative < 2 log 10 positive Treatment Treatment Week 4 Week 12 Courtesy: Martin Vogel, Germany
Antiviral therapy of AHC *evidence based on using a 615 IU/ml cutoff to define negative HCV-RNA   HCV-RNA negative* Stop Therapy  peg-IFN +  RBV (AII) < 2 log 10 24 weeks Drop HCV-RNA    2 log 10 Week 4 Week 12 HCV-RNA positive* 48 weeks Courtesy: Martin Vogel, Germany
Hépatite Chronique B Chez les Patients  Co-infectés par le VIH
Prevalence of HBsAg+ in HIV Infected Patients ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Konopnicki D, et al.  AIDS . 2005.
Influence of HIV on CHB ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Bodsworth,  JID 1989  ;  Hadler,  JID 1991  ;  Krogsgaard,  Hepatology 1987  ; Bodsworth,  JID 1989  ;  Gilson,  AIDS 1997 . Piroth,  J Hepatol 2002;  Vogel  Cancer Res 1991 ; Corallini  Cncer Res 1993  ;  Altavilla  Am J Pathol 2000  ; Bodsworth,  JID 1989  ; Mills,  Gastroenterol 1990  ; Goldin,  J Clin Pathol 1990  ; Gilson,  AIDS 1997  ; Thio,  Lancet 2002  ; Di Martino,  Gastroenterol 2002 ; Colin  Hepatol 1999 ;  Perillo,  Ann Int Med 1986  ; McDonald,  J Hepatol 1987
Mortality ,[object Object],Thio CL, et al.  Lancet . 2002;360:1921-1926. Liver related mortality X 19 HBV/HIV vs HBV ( RR:18; 73,1-766,1;  P <0,001 ) Viral status   N HIV HBsAg Liver-related mortality (n) Liver death  (1000 pers/yr) P 3093 – – 0 0.0 139 – + 1 0.8 0.04 2346 + – 35 1.7 <0.0001 213 + + 26 14.2 <0.0001 5293 62 1.1
Impact of HIV Infection on Progression to HBV-Related Cirrhosis 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Follow-up (years) % of cirrhosis HIV negative  HIV positive  p=0.005 Di Martino V et al. Gastroenterology. 2002.
Influence of HAART ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],? Proia et al. Am J Med 2000. Wit et al. JID 2002. Benhamou et al. J Hepatol 2005. Bruno et al.  Gastroenerol 2002.  Bonacini et al. Gastroenterol 2002. Puoti et al. Antiviral Ther 2004. Gouskos AIDS 2004
Liver-related mortality (1995-2003 - GERMIVIC Cohort) ESLD related death % of total death ESLD related death: % of HBsAg+ Rosenthal E, et al.  J Viral Hep . 2007. HIV/HBV Co-infection Mortality
Impact of Anti-HBV Therapy on Liver Fibrosis  * Improvement defined as ≥1 point reduction ** Worsening defined as ≥ 1 point increase Median METAVIR F at Baseline = 2 Benhamou Y  et al. J Hepatol 2005.  Median time F. up : 29.5 months ADV TDF Lacombe, et al.  CROI 2009 , Abstract 815. Improved * Worsened ** N =  15   12 33% 50% 20% 8% -30% -10% 10% 30% 50% 70% Week 48 Week 192 F0-F1 F2 F3-F4 F0-F1 (n=8) 8 0 0 F2 (n=17) 7 6 4 F3-F4 (n=13) 1 1 11
Treatment of HBV in HIV Co-infected Patients Licensed for HIV HBV Interferon (IFN)   Lamivudine (LAM)   Emtricitabine (FTC)   Entecavir (ETV)   Telbivudine (LDT)   Adefovir dipivoxil (ADV)   Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF)  
Interferon McDonald.  Hepatology . 1987; Marcellin.  Gut . 1993; Wong.  Gastroenterology . 1995; Zylberberg.  Gastroenterol Clin Biol . 1996; Di Martino.  Gastroenterology.  2002.   Pts  -IFN Months of therapy CD4 HBV DNA <6 log HBeAg clearance McDonald 87 14 2.5-10 6 – – 0 Marcellin 93 10 3-5 4-6 20-858 2 2 Wong 95 12 10 6 No AIDS 1 1 Zylberberg 96 25 6 6 480    234 9 2 Di Martino 02 26 5 6 331    207 7 3 Total 87 19 (26%) 8 (9%)
HIV/HBeAg+ LAM-R  PEG-IFN   2a + ADV  PEG-IFN2a + ADV PEG-IFN2a + ADV HBV DNA ALT Ingliz P.  et al, Antiviral  Therapy 2008  N=17
Lamivudine Median change in serum HBV DNA HIV/HBeAg+ Naïve Pts Dore GJ , et al.  J Infect Dis . 1999;180:607-613. (LAM 150 mg bid) Benhamou Y, et al.  Hepatology  1999; 30:1302-06  HBV resistance to LAM  0.25 0.50 0.75 1 0 350 700 1050 1400  Days of lamivudine therapy Proportion of patients LAM-R N= 57 Number of patients 57  32  13  6  3 under observation
Entecavir ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Hull M, et al. 9th Intl. Congress on Drug Therapy in HIV Infection. Glasgow 2008. Audsley J,  et al.  15 th  CROI, Boston 2008, #63. ETV 1mg qd 48w = 4.3 log DNA decline in HIV/HBeAg+ LAM-R patients  Pessoa et al.   AIDS 2008  Selection of M184V (HIV RT)  following ETV treatment 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 ART naïve ART experienced Total Median time M184V  148 days  98 days  % with M184V 3/7 3/5 6/12
Telbivudine HIV Isolate NNRTI Multi drug resistant HIV Isolate Subtype A Avila et al.  CROI 2009 , Abstract 1002. ,[object Object],Low et al.,  CROI 2009. Abstract 813a ,[object Object],ETV  LdT  Drug ETV LdT 11.67 >600 IC50 µM Fold change 0.93 >Max Drug ETV LdT >600  >Max IC50 µM Fold change 13.21 1.05
TDF vs. TDF+LAM (48 weeks) Schmutz G, et al.  AIDS . 2006. Tuma R, et al.  AASLD 2008 , Abstract 967. Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate TDF + LAM (48 weeks) LAM Naive (n=9) LAM Experienced (n=47) HBV DNA <15 UI/mL 9 41 Mean time to DNA < LOD (weeks) 49 67
Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate Matthews G  et al. Hepatology 2008  TDF- vs LAM- containing HAART in ARV-naïve HIV/HBeAg+ Co-infected Patients (TICO Study): Randomized Thai trial (1:1:1) of LAM vs TDF vs LAM/TDF within an EFV-based HAART regimen W48 outcomes LAM N=12 TDF N=12 TDF+LAM N=12 p Median DNA Reduction 4.07 4.57 4.73 .7 DNA <3 log 46% 92% 91% .01 HBeAg loss 3 1 3  Anti-HBe Seroconversion 1 1 3 HBsAg loss 1 1 1
Treatment Algorithm  Patients with Compensated Liver Disease and  No Indication for HIV Therapy  (CD4 count >350/µL) ,[object Object],[object Object],HBV DNA  2000 IU/mL HBV DNA HBV DNA <2000 IU/mL ALT Elevated ALT Normal ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],ECC Statement.  J Hepatol . 2005. Rockstroh et al.  HIV Medicine 2008.
Treatment Algorithm  Patients with Compensated Liver Disease and  Indication for HIV Therapy  (CD4 count <350/µL) HBV DNA ≥2000 IU/ml HBV DNA <2000 IU/ml HAART including TDF+3T/FTC Substitute one NRTI by TDF or add TDF* Patients without  HBV-associated  LAM resistance Patients with  cirrhosis ECC Statement.  J Hepatol . 2005. Rockstroh et al.  HIV Medicine 2008. Patients with  HBV-associated  LAM resistance HAART regimen  of choice HAART including TDF+LAM/FTC *If feasible and appropriate from the perspective of maintaining HIV suppression. Refer patient for liver transplantation evaluation if decompensation HBV DNA
Conclusions ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

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Benhamou du co infection 2012

  • 1. Hépatites Virales C et B et Infection par le VIH Benhamou Yves
  • 2. HIV, Hepatitis B and C: global prevalence 1. WHO Factsheets HBV, HCV, HIV; 2. Alter MJ. J Hepatol 2006; 44(Suppl.1): S6-S9. 350.000.000 170.000.000 33.000.000 2-4.000.000 4-5.000.000
  • 3.
  • 4. Facteurs pronostiques chez les patients co-infectés VIH-VHC : résultats de la cohorte HEPAVIH (2) Sogni P, AASLD 2011, Abs. 246 actualisé Complications hépatiques ou décès toutes causes confondues (à 5 ans : 10 %) Décès toutes causes confondues (à 5 ans : 7 %) Décès de cause hépatique (à 5 ans : 2 %) Courbes et estimations actuarielles 6 0 6 12 18 24 30 36 42 48 54 60 66 0 40 30 20 10 Mois Probabilité (%)
  • 5. Facteurs pronostiques chez les patients co-infectés VIH-VHC : résultats de la cohorte HEPAVIH (3) Sogni P, AASLD 2011, Abs. 246 actualisé Facteurs associés à la survenue d’une complication hépatique ou d’un décès de cause hépatique (analyse multivariée) Facteurs associés à la survenue d’une complication hépatique ou d’un décès toutes causes confondues (analyse multivariée) 7 Variables RR ajustés IC 95 % p Âge 1,459 1,029 – 2,068 0,034 Albuminémie 0,891 0,807 – 0,983 0,021 Taux de plaquettes 0,464 0,265 – 0,813 0,007 FibroScan ® 1,300 1,125 – 1,503 < 10 -3 Variables RR ajustés IC 95 % p Albuminémie 0,910 0,855 – 0,968 0,003 FibroScan ® 1,209 1,085 – 1,347 0,001 Stades CDC (C versus A-B) 2,302 1,095 – 4,839 0,028
  • 6.
  • 7.
  • 8. Hépatite Chronique C Chez les Patients Co-infectés par le VIH
  • 10. Progression to cirrhosis Poynard, T. et al. J Hepatol 2003;38:257-265 4,682 patients 180 HIV-HCV 701 Alcohol 812 HBV 382 Hemochromatosis 2,313 HCV 93 Steatosis BMI>25 200 PBC 1.00 0 20 40 60 80 Hazard function Age in years
  • 11.  
  • 12.
  • 13. Influence of CD4 cell count and HIV-RNA liver fibrosis progression Modified from Brau et al . J Hepatol 2006; 44(1):47–55. 274 HIV/HCV-koinfizierte Patienten Fibrosis-Progressionrate (IshFU/year) 0,08 0,14 0,22 0,12 0,16 0,20 1,18 0,10 0,155 0,121 n=124 n=150 p=0,004 CD4 <350 CD4 >350 CD4 (cells/mm 3 ) IshFU/year – Ishak-Fibrosis-units per year HIV-RNA (copies/mL) 0,123 0,162 0,121 0,118 n=100 n=88 n=53 n= 83 p=0,005 p=0,89 CD4 < 500 CD4 > 500 HIV-RNA <400 HIV-RNA >400 HIV-RNA <400 HIV-RNA >400
  • 14.
  • 15.
  • 16.
  • 17. Influence of Anti-HCV therapy on fibrosis progression in HIV/HCV Ingiliz, Benhamou et al., not yet published Ingiliz, Benhamou et al., J Hepatol, submitted, under review
  • 18. SVR = regression, NR = progression ? Ingiliz, Benhamou et al., J Hepatol, submitted, under review
  • 20. Treatment for HCV in 2010 Ribavirin tablets Ribavirin capsule Peg-Interferon alfa-2a Peg-Interferon alfa-2b 180µg/week 1,5µg/kg/week 800-1200mg/d 800-1200mg/d Best ribavirin dose? RBV level? 15 mg/kg? Hb drop? Hb <10g/dL? Give enough ribavirin!!!
  • 21.
  • 22. Nunez et al. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2007; 23(8): 972-982. SVR (%) 0 100 80 60 40 20 Total 389 End of treatment (EOT) Sustained virological response (SVR) GT1 191 GT2/3 152 SVR defined as undetectable HCV RNA 24 weeks after end of treatment 49,6% 67,3% 35,6% 55% 72,4% 90,1% 32,6% 41% GT4 152 262 193 106 68 137 110 19 15 HCV genotype patients n= PRESCO (ITT analysis): virological response, genotype n=
  • 23. European guidelines for the treatment of HIV-HCV coinfection EACS guidelines, version 5-2
  • 24.
  • 25.
  • 27. IL28B and ethnicity Ge et al. Nature 2009 Suppiah et al., 2009 Tanaka et al., 2009
  • 28. Rallon et al. #165LB, CROI 2010 IL-28B genotypes and treatment response P< 0.001 IL28B Genotyp CC CT/TT 0 25 50 75 100 %SVR P =0.02 IL28B Genotyp CC CT/TT 0 25 50 75 100 %SVR CC CT/TT IL28B Genotyp Pineda et al. #656, CROI 2010 Nattermann et al. #164, CROI 2010
  • 29. Pineda et al., abstract #656, CROI 2010 IL-28B genotype and treatment response - Influence of HCV genotype -
  • 30.
  • 31. Drug-Drug-Interactions (DDIs) Known and anticipated DDIs between antiretrovirals and anti-HCV drugs in current use and the HCV protease inhibitors in Phase III development Adapted from Seden K, et al. J Antimicrob Chemother 2010; 65:1079-85; Ashby J, et al. HIV 10; Glasgow; November 7-11, 2010; Abst. O315. Hepatitis C Therapies Current Agents Protease Inhibitors (Phase III trials) PEG-IFN Ribavirin Telaprevir Boceprevir PIs NNRTIs NRTIs Entry Inhibitors Integrase Inhibitors No clinically significant interaction, or interaction unlikely based on knowledge of drug metabolism Potential interaction that may require close dose monitoring, alteration of dosage or timing of administration Interaction likely, do not use or use with caution 1 4 4 2 5 5 1 = atazanavir/ritonavir 2 = didanosine, zidovudine 3 3 = emtricitabine, lamivudine, tenofovir 4 = zidovudine 5 = maraviroc 6 6 = raltegravir
  • 32. Telaprevir/PEG IFN/RBV chez des patients co-infectés VIH-VHC – Analyse à 6 mois (2) Réponse virologique à 6 mois Sherman KE, AASLD 2011, Abs. LB8 actualisé 19 ARN VHC indétectable (%) Sans ART EFV/TDF/FTC ATV/r/TDF/FTC Total 0 20 40 60 80 100 6/7 86 75 71 67 11/16 10/15 27/38 n/N = 2/6 33 50 55 75 4/8 6/8 12/22 T/PR PR
  • 34. Acute HCV among HIV+ MSM 1.Luetkemeyer JAIDS 2006; 2.Fierer 5th Works. HIV & Hep. Coinf. 2009; 3.Giraudon Sex Transm Infect 2008; 4.Ruf Eurosurveill 2008; 5. Vogel CID 2009; 6.Gambotti Euro Surveill 2005; 7.Larsen AASLD 2007; 8.Urbanus AIDS 2009; 9.Rauch CID 2005; 10.Gallotta 4th Works. HIV & Hep. Coinf. 2008; 11.Matthews CID 2009; 12. Sherman CID 2002; 13: Backus JAIDS 2005; 14: UNAIDS Report 2008; 15: Soriano JID 2008; 16: NCHECR Report 2008. Europe: 951 cases Prevalence chronic HCV/HIV 14,15 25%: 185.500 -UK 3,4 552 -Germany 5 157 -France 6,7 117 -Netherlands 8 81 -Swiss 9 23 -Italy 10 21 Australia 11 : 28 cases Prevalence chronic HCV/HIV 16 < 1%: 1.000 USA 1,2 : 54 cases Prevalence chronic HCV/HIV 12-14 15 – 30%: 180.000 – 360.000
  • 35. Monitoring and initiation antiviral therapy Decay HCV-RNA HCV-RNA wait: cont´d controls throughout week 48 Initial presentation acute HCV  2 log 10 negative < 2 log 10 positive Treatment Treatment Week 4 Week 12 Courtesy: Martin Vogel, Germany
  • 36. Antiviral therapy of AHC *evidence based on using a 615 IU/ml cutoff to define negative HCV-RNA HCV-RNA negative* Stop Therapy peg-IFN + RBV (AII) < 2 log 10 24 weeks Drop HCV-RNA  2 log 10 Week 4 Week 12 HCV-RNA positive* 48 weeks Courtesy: Martin Vogel, Germany
  • 37. Hépatite Chronique B Chez les Patients Co-infectés par le VIH
  • 38.
  • 39.
  • 40.
  • 41. Impact of HIV Infection on Progression to HBV-Related Cirrhosis 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Follow-up (years) % of cirrhosis HIV negative HIV positive p=0.005 Di Martino V et al. Gastroenterology. 2002.
  • 42.
  • 43. Liver-related mortality (1995-2003 - GERMIVIC Cohort) ESLD related death % of total death ESLD related death: % of HBsAg+ Rosenthal E, et al. J Viral Hep . 2007. HIV/HBV Co-infection Mortality
  • 44. Impact of Anti-HBV Therapy on Liver Fibrosis * Improvement defined as ≥1 point reduction ** Worsening defined as ≥ 1 point increase Median METAVIR F at Baseline = 2 Benhamou Y et al. J Hepatol 2005. Median time F. up : 29.5 months ADV TDF Lacombe, et al. CROI 2009 , Abstract 815. Improved * Worsened ** N = 15 12 33% 50% 20% 8% -30% -10% 10% 30% 50% 70% Week 48 Week 192 F0-F1 F2 F3-F4 F0-F1 (n=8) 8 0 0 F2 (n=17) 7 6 4 F3-F4 (n=13) 1 1 11
  • 45. Treatment of HBV in HIV Co-infected Patients Licensed for HIV HBV Interferon (IFN)   Lamivudine (LAM)   Emtricitabine (FTC)   Entecavir (ETV)   Telbivudine (LDT)   Adefovir dipivoxil (ADV)   Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF)  
  • 46. Interferon McDonald. Hepatology . 1987; Marcellin. Gut . 1993; Wong. Gastroenterology . 1995; Zylberberg. Gastroenterol Clin Biol . 1996; Di Martino. Gastroenterology. 2002. Pts  -IFN Months of therapy CD4 HBV DNA <6 log HBeAg clearance McDonald 87 14 2.5-10 6 – – 0 Marcellin 93 10 3-5 4-6 20-858 2 2 Wong 95 12 10 6 No AIDS 1 1 Zylberberg 96 25 6 6 480  234 9 2 Di Martino 02 26 5 6 331  207 7 3 Total 87 19 (26%) 8 (9%)
  • 47. HIV/HBeAg+ LAM-R PEG-IFN  2a + ADV PEG-IFN2a + ADV PEG-IFN2a + ADV HBV DNA ALT Ingliz P. et al, Antiviral Therapy 2008 N=17
  • 48. Lamivudine Median change in serum HBV DNA HIV/HBeAg+ Naïve Pts Dore GJ , et al. J Infect Dis . 1999;180:607-613. (LAM 150 mg bid) Benhamou Y, et al. Hepatology 1999; 30:1302-06 HBV resistance to LAM 0.25 0.50 0.75 1 0 350 700 1050 1400 Days of lamivudine therapy Proportion of patients LAM-R N= 57 Number of patients 57 32 13 6 3 under observation
  • 49.
  • 50.
  • 51. TDF vs. TDF+LAM (48 weeks) Schmutz G, et al. AIDS . 2006. Tuma R, et al. AASLD 2008 , Abstract 967. Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate TDF + LAM (48 weeks) LAM Naive (n=9) LAM Experienced (n=47) HBV DNA <15 UI/mL 9 41 Mean time to DNA < LOD (weeks) 49 67
  • 52. Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate Matthews G et al. Hepatology 2008 TDF- vs LAM- containing HAART in ARV-naïve HIV/HBeAg+ Co-infected Patients (TICO Study): Randomized Thai trial (1:1:1) of LAM vs TDF vs LAM/TDF within an EFV-based HAART regimen W48 outcomes LAM N=12 TDF N=12 TDF+LAM N=12 p Median DNA Reduction 4.07 4.57 4.73 .7 DNA <3 log 46% 92% 91% .01 HBeAg loss 3 1 3 Anti-HBe Seroconversion 1 1 3 HBsAg loss 1 1 1
  • 53.
  • 54. Treatment Algorithm Patients with Compensated Liver Disease and Indication for HIV Therapy (CD4 count <350/µL) HBV DNA ≥2000 IU/ml HBV DNA <2000 IU/ml HAART including TDF+3T/FTC Substitute one NRTI by TDF or add TDF* Patients without HBV-associated LAM resistance Patients with cirrhosis ECC Statement. J Hepatol . 2005. Rockstroh et al. HIV Medicine 2008. Patients with HBV-associated LAM resistance HAART regimen of choice HAART including TDF+LAM/FTC *If feasible and appropriate from the perspective of maintaining HIV suppression. Refer patient for liver transplantation evaluation if decompensation HBV DNA
  • 55.

Notes de l'éditeur

  1. Zahlen untermauern eindrucksvoll die weltweite Bedeutung der Hepatitis- und HIV-Infektion Hepatitis- und HIV-Infektionen zählen zu den weltweit häufigsten Infektionskrankheiten Literatur: HBV: http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs204/en/ HCV: http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs164/en/ HIV: http://www.who.int/hiv/data/2008_global_summary_AIDS_ep.png Koinfektionen: Alter MJ. J Hepatol 2006; 44(Suppl.1): S6-S9.
  2. Il a été montré dans des études transversales françaises que la proportion de décès dus au foie a augmenté durant les 10 dernières années chez les patients co-infectés VIH-VHC avec une augmentation également du risque de carcinome hépatocellulaire ( Rosenthal E et al. HIV Med 2009, Salmon-Ceron D et al. J Hepatol 2009 ). La cohorte prospective ANRS CO13 HEPAVIH a inclus 1 175 patients co-infectés VIH-1 et VHC. Le but de cette sous-étude incluant 886 patients était de déterminer les facteurs pronostiques associés au risque de complications hépatiques ou de décès (toutes causes confondues ou de cause hépatique). Durant un suivi moyen de 23 mois, 46 évènements sont survenus. 10 décompensations hépatiques et 36 décès. Les décès de cause hépatique représentaient 27 % des décès (carcinome hépatocellulaire 4, autres complications de la cirrhose 4, décès post-transplantation hépatique 2). Les décès liés au VIH représentaient 19 % des décès (encéphalite du VIH 3, pneumopathie opportuniste 2, candidose systémique 1, hypertension artérielle pulmonaire 1). Les décès d’autres causes représentaient 42 % des décès (cancers non liés au VIH 5, complications cardiovasculaires 3, suicides 2, overdoses 2, insuffisances respiratoires chroniques 2, accidents de la voie publique 1). Il restait 4 cas de décès de cause inconnue. Le risque actuariel de complications hépatiques ou décès toutes causes confondues est estimé à 10 % à 5 ans : 10 %, le risque de décès toutes causes confondues à 7 % à 5 ans et le risque de décès de cause hépatique à 2 % à 5 ans (figure dia 2). Les facteurs indépendants (analyse multivariée) retrouvés associés soit aux complications hépatiques ou décès toutes causes confondues soit aux complications hépatiques ou décès de cause hépatique sont indiqués sur les 2 tableaux dia 3. Le FibroScan ® a une bonne valeur pronostique pour ce dernier risque pour des valeurs comprises dans le 4ième quartile (≥ 10 kPa) (figure dia 4) avec un AUROC = 0,88.
  3. This slide shows the results of a study that investigated the frequency of liver-related deaths in the DAD cohort. This study evaluated more than 76.000 person-years of follow-up in more than 23.000 HIV-infected persons. There were 1.246 deaths 14.5% were from liver-related causes. HBV caused 3% of all deaths
  4. Fibrosis progression to cirrhosis varies by cause and population. This large retrospective analysis shows that in this cohort of over4500 patients progression to cirrhosis was fastest in HIV/HCV co-infected patients. Not only did progression vary by disease, but also there was acceleration of fibrosis progression by aging. Therefore, staging helps identify level of fibrosis and helps in prognosis and individual treatment decision-making in patients with HIV/HCV.
  5. Eine antiretrovirale Behandlung kann durch Stärkung des Immunsystems die Progression der Fibrose verlangsamen. Aktuelle Leitlinien zur Empfehlung tendieren zu einer frühzeitigeren antiretroviralen Therapie bei HIV/HCV-koinfizierten Patienten. Trotzdem sollte man beachten, dass manche Arzneimittel ein eigenes hepatotoxisches Potential besitzen. Die chronische Hepatitis C scheint mit einem erhöhten Risiko einer Medikamenten-assoziierten Hepatotoxizität verbunden zu sein, allerdings verbessert die HAART das Überleben koinfizierter Patienten signifikant, wie Qurishi et al in der Analyse der Bonner Kohorte (1990-2002) mit 285 HIV/HCV-koinfizierten Patienten zeigen konnte. Die Kaplan-Meier-Analyse der Gesamt- und leberassoziierten Mortalität zeigte, dass HAART das Überleben koinfizierter Patienten signifikant verbessert. Leberassoziierte Mortalitätsraten pro 100 Personenjahre HAART: 0,45 ART: 0,69 Keine Therapie: 1,70 In einer Regressionsanalyse wurden Faktoren ermittelt, die Prädiktoren leberassoziierter Mortalität sind: u.a. keine HAART, niedrige CD4-Zellzahl, zunehmendes Alter Literatur: Qurishi et al. Lancet 2003: 362(9379): 1708–1713.
  6. - Bei HIV/HCV-koinfizierten Patienten schreitet die Fibrose schneller voran als bei HCV-monoinfizierten Patienten. - In dieser retrospektiven Analyse wurde die Progressionsrate der Leberfibrose (FBR) bei 274 HCV/HIV-infizierten und 382 HCV-monoinfizierten Patienten mittels Ishak Fibrose Score untersucht. - HIV/HCV-Patienten mit nachweisbarer HIV-Viruslast hatten eine schnellere Fibroseprogression als HCV-monoinfizierte Patienten (Daten hier nicht gezeigt) - Ein schlechter Immunstatus ist entscheidend für eine schnelle Progression der Fibrose bei HCV/HIV-koinfizierten Patienten. Bei niedrigeren CD4- Zellzahlen kann zusätzlich die HIV-Replikation Einfluss ausüben. Literatur: Bräu et al . J Hepatol 2006; 44(1):47–55.
  7. - Die PRESCO-Studie ist eine prospektive, multizentrische Studie, die in Spanien zwischen Februar 2003 und Januar 2006 durchgeführt wurde. Die Studie war ursprünglich darauf ausgelegt, die Wirksamkeit von hohen RBV-Dosierungen (&lt; 75 kg 1.000 mg/Tag bzw. &gt; 75 kg 1.200 mg/Tag) zu untersuchen. - 389 HIV/HCV-koinfizierte Patienten erhielten PEG-IFN-  2a 180µg/Woche plus Ribavirin 1.000-1.200 mg/Tag. - Patienten mit Genotyp 2 und 3 wurden 24 oder 48 Wochen lang behandelt, Patienten mit Genotyp 1 und 4 wurden 48 oder 72 Wochen lang behandelt mit einer Nachbeobachtungszeit von jeweils 24 Wochen. - Der primäre Endpunkt war die SVR ( sustained virologic response ) , definiert als Viruslast unter der Nachweisgrenze 24 Wochen nach Therapieende. - In der Abbildung ist das virologische Ansprechen abhängig vom HCV Genotyp gezeigt: Eine SVR war mit 72,4% bei einem größeren Anteil der Patienten erreicht, die mit Genotyp 2/3 infiziert waren im Vergleich zu 35% mit Genotyp 1/4. PRESCO – Peginterferon Ribavirin España Coinfection SVR - anhaltendes virologisches Ansprechen, sustained virologic response Literatur: Nunez et al. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2007; 23(8): 972-982.
  8. 3TC : lamivudine ; EFV : efavirenz ; TDF : tenofovir ; FTC : emtricitabine ; ATV/r : atazanavir boosté par ritonavir. Dans cette étude de phase 2, les patients ont été randomisés soit dans le bras TVR soit dans le bras sans TVR + PEG-IFN/RBV. Dans la partie A, les patients ne prenaient pas d’antirétroviraux. Dans la partie B, les patients recevaient un traitement stable d’antirétroviraux EFV/TDF/FTC ou ATV/r avec TDF et FTC ou 3TC avec CD4 &gt; 300/mm 3 et ARN VIH ≤ 50 cp/ml. L’ âge moyen était de 46 ans. 88 % étaient des hommes, 68 % avaient le G1a et 3,3 % une cirrhose. Le compte moyen de CD4 était de 690 cellules/mm 3 dans la partie A et de 562/mm 3 dans la partie B avec une baisse en valeur absolue des CD4 durant le traitement. A S24, l’ARN VHC était indétectable dans 71 % des cas dans les bras combinés TVR vs 55 % dans les bras PEG-IFN/RBV seuls. Il y a eu 3 échappements VHC mais aucun échappement VIH. Les effets indésirables les plus communs étaient le prurit (39 %), le rash (34 %), les troubles digestifs et la dépression dans les bras TVR. L’anémie était similaire dans les 2 groupes. L’hyperbilirubinémie survenait plus fréquemment (27 %) dans le groupe ATV/r. Une cholelithiase, un ictère et une anémie hémolytique ont conduit à un arrêt du traitement dans les bras TVR.
  9. These data are consistent with a recent observation in the French GERMIVIC cohort. In this cohort in 2003 proportion of liver related death shows a slight decrease and there is a stabilization from 2001 to 2003 after some years of progressive increase. In the same period the proportion of liver related death occurring in HBsAg positive subjects showed a sharp decrease. These data indirectly support the hypothesis that HBV related mortality is decreasing with the availability of anti-retrovirals with anti HBV activity and that this decrease is one of the causes in the stabilization of liver related mortality observed in HIV infected patients in some very recent reports. .
  10. Audsley J, et al. (#63) Background Entecavir (ETV) is a guanosine analogue approved for the treatment of HBV and possesses in vitro anti-HBV and anti-HIV activity. Entecavir has been previously described to induce a key mutation (M184V) associated with resistance to NRTIs approved for the treatment of HIV. Methods The objective was to further characterize entecavir’s anti-HIV activity and to determine risk factors associated with development of the M184V mutation. HIV RNA viral load, HBV DNA viral loads, HIV polymerase sequencing and other clinical data was abstracted from the medical records from July 2004 and while receiving entecavir monotherapy (until July 2007). Results A median 1 log10 reduction in HIV RNA viral load (range 0.5 – 2) after a median of 113 days (17 – 291) of entecavir monotherapy occurred in ART-naïve patients. A median 1.1 log10 reduction in HIV RNA viral load (range 0.1 – 2.3) after a median of 96 days (range 75 – 215) of entecavir monotherapy occurred in ART-naïve patients. 12 of 17 HBV/HIV patients who received ETV monotherapy demonstrated a 0.5 log10 reduction in HIV RNA VL or greater, including 7 of the 10 ART naïve patients and 5 of the 7 ART-experienced patients. 4 patients had a rebound of HIV RNA VL of 0.5 log10 or greater after achieving a nadir HIV RNA VL. The graphic on the bottom left of the slide depicts the rates of M184V development. Conclusions ETV monotherapy resulted in clinically significant reduction in HIV RNA in the majority of patients and can select for the M184V mutation. ETV should not be used as monotherapy in HIV/HBV co-infected patients.
  11. About one half of HBeAg-negative patients have serum HBV DNA levels persistently &lt;10 5 copies/mL at the time of presentation. 1 Because these patients have lower HBV DNA values but may still have disease, it was recommended that patients with HBV DNA ≥10 4 be considered for treatment. The remainder of the recommendations of the panel are similar to those recommended for patients with HBeAg-positive chronic hepatitis B. Once again, interferon/peginterferon, lamivudine, adefovir, and entecavir are all first-line options. Unless HBsAg seroconversion occurs, long-term treatment is generally required, and adefovir is preferred to lamivudine as an oral agent because of a lower risk of resistance. Long-term data are not yet available for entecavir. 1. Adapted from Keeffe EB. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2004;2:87-106. 2. Chu CJ et al. Hepatology . 2002;36:1408-15. 3. Shouval D et al. Hepatology . 2004;40(suppl 1):728A(LB07).