Les causes de l’entérotoxémie, une maladie très courante en élevage ovin, sont décryptées dans ce webinaire. Une large part des discussions est consacrée aux moyens de prévention
This document provides an overview of brucellosis, a zoonotic bacterial disease caused by ingestion of infected animal products. It discusses the Brucella bacteria species and their hosts, epidemiology, transmission between humans and animals, clinical signs in various species, pathology, diagnosis and prevention/control methods. Prevention focuses on education, personal protective measures, vaccination of livestock in endemic areas, and eradication programs that identify and cull infected animals.
O documento resume as principais estruturas externas e internas das aves, incluindo esqueleto, membros, penas, pele, asas, bico, órgãos internos como pulmões, coração de quatro câmaras, e sistemas digestório, reprodutivo e circulatório.
Babesiose equina e canina causam febre, anemia e icterícia. São transmitidas por carrapatos e causadas pelos protozoários Babesia equi e Babesia canis. O diagnóstico é feito por exame de sangue e tratamento com diamizina ou imizol. Controle de vetores é importante para prevenção.
NeoThebe is running for the SRC Portfolio of Sport. If elected, she will serve with integrity, honesty, and distinction. She has experience in various leadership roles within the student community from 2014-2015. This includes administrative and community service roles. She believes her experience alone will not ensure success and intends to work closely with the SRC Executive Committee, student community, and other stakeholders. Her goals include disseminating information about sports programs and leagues, using sports to raise awareness of social issues like HIV/AIDS and substance abuse, and addressing disparities in sport funding and participation of black and colored students.
Bovine tuberculosis epidemiology & control in indiaBhoj Raj Singh
Tuberculosis in India is in hyperendemic state both in human and animals. No DOTS can help in control of human tuberculosis unless tuberculosis is controlled in animals. Control of tuberculosis in animals is a far reacheachable dream in India and thus the Tuberculosis will persist in India till the dooms day.
1) Pulmonary adenomatosis is a contagious lung cancer of sheep caused by a retrovirus that leads to proliferation of epithelial cells in the lungs.
2) Clinical signs include weakness, emaciation, coughing, nasal discharge, and difficulty breathing. Mortality can reach 100% without treatment.
3) At the microscopic level, hyperplasia and hypertrophy of lung cells is seen, forming papillary tumor masses. Diagnosis is based on clinical signs and histopathology of lung tissue. There is no treatment, so control relies on culling infected animals and disinfecting premises.
O documento discute diarreia crônica em cães, incluindo classificação, causas, abordagem diagnóstica e casos clínicos. Aborda classificação de diarreia aguda vs crônica e origem intestinal. Detalha exames, testes terapêuticos e casos como insuficiência pancreática e enterite inflamatória.
This document provides an overview of brucellosis, a zoonotic bacterial disease caused by ingestion of infected animal products. It discusses the Brucella bacteria species and their hosts, epidemiology, transmission between humans and animals, clinical signs in various species, pathology, diagnosis and prevention/control methods. Prevention focuses on education, personal protective measures, vaccination of livestock in endemic areas, and eradication programs that identify and cull infected animals.
O documento resume as principais estruturas externas e internas das aves, incluindo esqueleto, membros, penas, pele, asas, bico, órgãos internos como pulmões, coração de quatro câmaras, e sistemas digestório, reprodutivo e circulatório.
Babesiose equina e canina causam febre, anemia e icterícia. São transmitidas por carrapatos e causadas pelos protozoários Babesia equi e Babesia canis. O diagnóstico é feito por exame de sangue e tratamento com diamizina ou imizol. Controle de vetores é importante para prevenção.
NeoThebe is running for the SRC Portfolio of Sport. If elected, she will serve with integrity, honesty, and distinction. She has experience in various leadership roles within the student community from 2014-2015. This includes administrative and community service roles. She believes her experience alone will not ensure success and intends to work closely with the SRC Executive Committee, student community, and other stakeholders. Her goals include disseminating information about sports programs and leagues, using sports to raise awareness of social issues like HIV/AIDS and substance abuse, and addressing disparities in sport funding and participation of black and colored students.
Bovine tuberculosis epidemiology & control in indiaBhoj Raj Singh
Tuberculosis in India is in hyperendemic state both in human and animals. No DOTS can help in control of human tuberculosis unless tuberculosis is controlled in animals. Control of tuberculosis in animals is a far reacheachable dream in India and thus the Tuberculosis will persist in India till the dooms day.
1) Pulmonary adenomatosis is a contagious lung cancer of sheep caused by a retrovirus that leads to proliferation of epithelial cells in the lungs.
2) Clinical signs include weakness, emaciation, coughing, nasal discharge, and difficulty breathing. Mortality can reach 100% without treatment.
3) At the microscopic level, hyperplasia and hypertrophy of lung cells is seen, forming papillary tumor masses. Diagnosis is based on clinical signs and histopathology of lung tissue. There is no treatment, so control relies on culling infected animals and disinfecting premises.
O documento discute diarreia crônica em cães, incluindo classificação, causas, abordagem diagnóstica e casos clínicos. Aborda classificação de diarreia aguda vs crônica e origem intestinal. Detalha exames, testes terapêuticos e casos como insuficiência pancreática e enterite inflamatória.
- التربية المكثفة للفروج (الجزء 1):
التزاوج بين ديك الكورنيش و دجاجة البلايموث روك يعطي الهجين كورنيش روك، الذي انحدرت منه الهجن الحديثة للفروج. ونتيجة التحسين الوراثي الذي استمر حوالي 4 عقود فقط، أُختصرت فترة تربية الفروج من حوالي 60 إلى 30 يوماً للحصول عليه بوزن حي يصل إلى حوالي 2 كغ!
أهم الأسس في تربية الفروج هي التحكم بالحرارة و الرطوبة، التحكم بالتهوية و نوعية الهواء، التحكم بالإضاءة وبرامجها، التحكم بالعلف والمعالف والتعليف، والتحكم بالماء والمشارب والإرواء.
يربى الفروج بنظام التربية الأرضية، أو بالأقفاص الطابقية، وأهم مزايا هذه الأخيرة، هي كثافة الطيور العالية في وحدة المساحة الأرضية. فالكثافة المثالية في نظام التربية الأرضية هي 35كغ/ م2، وفي الطقس الحار تخفض إلى حوالي 30 كغ / م2، وبوجود نظام جيد للتهوية. أما في نظام التربية بالأقفاص، فترتفع الكثافة بالمتر المربع من أرضية القفص الشبكية إلى حوالي 50 كغ / م2، بزيادة 25% تقريباً، مقارنة بالكثافة في نظام التربية الأرضية.
أهم النقاط الواجب مراعاتها في نظام التربية الأرضية هو العناية بالفرشة، خصوصاً فيما يتعلق بـ نسبة الرطوبة فيها، والحد من انطلاق وانتشار غاز الأمونيا الضار منها.
This document provides an overview of a presentation on pathology of the respiratory system. It begins with general objectives to overview diseases affecting the domestic animal respiratory system, with emphasis on recognizing morphological changes, common diseases, and arriving at diagnoses. It then covers anatomical divisions of the respiratory tract and defense mechanisms. Examples of specific conditions discussed include atrophic rhinitis in pigs, granulomatous rhinitis in dogs, guttural pouch mycosis in horses, and chronic bronchiolitis in horses. Images are included from various sources to illustrate pathological changes.
O documento descreve as patologias do sistema digestório de animais, incluindo estrutura e função dos intestinos, mecanismos de defesa, diarréia, anomalias de desenvolvimento, obstruções, inflamações, alterações vasculares e parasitas. É apresentada uma variedade de imagens ilustrando diferentes condições como atresia, megacólon, corpos estranhos, volvulo, hérnias, infartos, enterites e parasitas intestinais.
O documento resume as principais patologias do sistema cardiovascular, incluindo:
1) Anomalias congênitas cardíacas como persistência do ducto arterioso, defeito do septo atrial e ventricular;
2) Lesões degenerativas e inflamatórias do endocárdio como calcinose, endocardiose e endocardite;
3) Distúrbios do pericárdio como hidropericárdio e hemopericárdio.
This document summarizes research on uterine health in dairy cows. It discusses various risk factors for uterine disease and identifies bacteria as the main cause. Culture-independent techniques have found the uterine microbiome to be more diverse than indicated by routine bacteriology. Certain strains of E. coli are more pathogenic than others. Vaccines targeting common uterine pathogens have shown promise in reducing metritis. Metritis is associated with reduced feed intake and an impaired immune response. Inflammation markers increase before reproductive diseases occur. Treatment of metritis and postpartum uterine disease with antibiotics is generally effective in resolving clinical signs but has limited impact on reproduction. Both endometritis and postpartum vaginal discharge impair fertility through various pathogenic mechanisms.
En esta presentación se intenta explicar las ventajas que presenta la fisioterapia en los animales de compañía, centrándose en mayor medida en la hidroterapia y sobre todo cinta subacuática.
The bacterium Borrelia anserina infects various bird species like chickens, causing morbidity and mortality rates up to 100%. It is transmitted by the soft tick Argas persicus and infected feces. B. anserina can survive outside a host within A. persicus for up to 430 days. Another intestinal spirochete, Brachyspira pilosicoli, is associated with large intestine inflammation in birds and mammals and has been linked to typhlitis, diarrhea, reduced egg production, and egg soiling in chickens.
Anaplasmosis is a tick-borne infectious disease of cattle characterized by fever, anorexia, and jaundice. It is caused by the rickettsial organism Anaplasma marginale, which infects and destroys red blood cells. The disease poses a major threat to cattle industries in tropical and subtropical regions. While adult cattle often exhibit symptoms, young cattle typically do not despite sometimes being infected. Diagnosis involves identifying the organism in blood samples, and treatment consists of tetracycline antibiotics. Control relies on tick control measures but vaccines have had limited success.
Este documento descreve as características morfológicas e taxonomia de carrapatos e ácaros. Apresenta as famílias Ixodidae e Argasidae de carrapatos, com exemplos de gêneros e espécies, e discute doenças transmitidas. Também aborda as subordens de ácaros e exemplifica gêneros associados a doenças dérmicas e alérgicas.
Milk fever, also known as parturient paresis, is a hypocalcemia condition in dairy cows and buffaloes around the time of calving. It is caused by a sharp decrease in blood calcium levels, which leads to muscular weakness. Clinical signs include stages of excitement, sternal recumbency, and lateral recumbency. Treatment involves intravenous calcium supplementation, with calcium borogluconate being the standard treatment. Proper dietary management before and after calving can help prevent milk fever.
This presentation was given at the 2015 Lambing & Kidding School held at North Harford High School in Pylesville, Maryland. The presenter was Sara Meagher BhaduriHauck.
O documento discute hipocalcemia em ruminantes. O painel 1 apresenta um estudo sobre dietas com baixo balanço catiônico-aniônico pré-parto em vacas leiteiras, concluindo que dietas negativas por 21 ou 42 dias não afetam o desempenho pós-parto. O painel 2 analisa a associação entre hipocalcemia subclínica, balanço energético negativo e doenças no pós-parto, mostrando correlação com perda de peso corporal. O documento aborda inovações para
This document summarizes enzootic pneumonia in sheep, also known as sheep pneumonia. It is an acute respiratory disease affecting sheep of all ages, caused by a combination of environmental and infectious factors. Viruses damage the respiratory tract lining, allowing bacterial invasion by pathogens like Pasteurella haemolytica. Environmental stressors like overcrowding and weather changes predispose sheep to infection. Clinical signs include fever, nasal discharge, coughing and respiratory distress. Diagnosis involves isolating P. haemolytica from samples. Treatment includes long-acting tetracyclines and sulfonamides. Prevention focuses on minimizing stress and maintaining good sanitation.
O documento discute as patologias do sistema respiratório, descrevendo em detalhe as estruturas e patologias da cavidade nasal, incluindo rinites, sinusites, neoplasias e outras condições como rinotraqueíte infecciosa dos bovinos.
Lyme disease is a tick-borne illness caused by the Borrelia burgdorferi bacteria transmitted through the bite of an infected blacklegged tick; the highest risk areas are the Northeast, Mid-Atlantic, Wisconsin and Minnesota. Symptoms may include a characteristic bullseye rash called erythema migrans along with fever, headache, and fatigue, and if left untreated it can spread to the joints, heart and nervous system.
Tetanus is an acute, often fatal disease caused by the bacteria Clostridium tetani found in soil. It commonly occurs after an injury where the bacteria enters the body. The bacteria produces a toxin called tetanospasmin which affects the central nervous system. Horses are highly susceptible and show signs like lockjaw, nervousness, and muscle spasms. Treatment involves antibiotics, antitoxin, sedatives, and nursing care in a quiet, dark environment. Prevention consists of vaccinating horses against tetanus toxoid which provides stable immunity, with boosters after injuries. While early diagnosis and treatment can help destroy the bacteria, severe cases often result in death.
O documento descreve as principais famílias e espécies de carrapatos no Brasil, incluindo suas características morfológicas, ciclo de vida, importância econômica e de saúde pública. As famílias mais comuns são Ixodidae, com 702 espécies, Argasidae com 193 espécies e Nuttalliellidae com 1 espécie. Espécies como Rhipicephalus microplus, Rhipicephalus sanguineus e Amblyomma cajennense são vetores importantes de doenças em bovinos,
- التربية المكثفة للفروج (الجزء 1):
التزاوج بين ديك الكورنيش و دجاجة البلايموث روك يعطي الهجين كورنيش روك، الذي انحدرت منه الهجن الحديثة للفروج. ونتيجة التحسين الوراثي الذي استمر حوالي 4 عقود فقط، أُختصرت فترة تربية الفروج من حوالي 60 إلى 30 يوماً للحصول عليه بوزن حي يصل إلى حوالي 2 كغ!
أهم الأسس في تربية الفروج هي التحكم بالحرارة و الرطوبة، التحكم بالتهوية و نوعية الهواء، التحكم بالإضاءة وبرامجها، التحكم بالعلف والمعالف والتعليف، والتحكم بالماء والمشارب والإرواء.
يربى الفروج بنظام التربية الأرضية، أو بالأقفاص الطابقية، وأهم مزايا هذه الأخيرة، هي كثافة الطيور العالية في وحدة المساحة الأرضية. فالكثافة المثالية في نظام التربية الأرضية هي 35كغ/ م2، وفي الطقس الحار تخفض إلى حوالي 30 كغ / م2، وبوجود نظام جيد للتهوية. أما في نظام التربية بالأقفاص، فترتفع الكثافة بالمتر المربع من أرضية القفص الشبكية إلى حوالي 50 كغ / م2، بزيادة 25% تقريباً، مقارنة بالكثافة في نظام التربية الأرضية.
أهم النقاط الواجب مراعاتها في نظام التربية الأرضية هو العناية بالفرشة، خصوصاً فيما يتعلق بـ نسبة الرطوبة فيها، والحد من انطلاق وانتشار غاز الأمونيا الضار منها.
This document provides an overview of a presentation on pathology of the respiratory system. It begins with general objectives to overview diseases affecting the domestic animal respiratory system, with emphasis on recognizing morphological changes, common diseases, and arriving at diagnoses. It then covers anatomical divisions of the respiratory tract and defense mechanisms. Examples of specific conditions discussed include atrophic rhinitis in pigs, granulomatous rhinitis in dogs, guttural pouch mycosis in horses, and chronic bronchiolitis in horses. Images are included from various sources to illustrate pathological changes.
O documento descreve as patologias do sistema digestório de animais, incluindo estrutura e função dos intestinos, mecanismos de defesa, diarréia, anomalias de desenvolvimento, obstruções, inflamações, alterações vasculares e parasitas. É apresentada uma variedade de imagens ilustrando diferentes condições como atresia, megacólon, corpos estranhos, volvulo, hérnias, infartos, enterites e parasitas intestinais.
O documento resume as principais patologias do sistema cardiovascular, incluindo:
1) Anomalias congênitas cardíacas como persistência do ducto arterioso, defeito do septo atrial e ventricular;
2) Lesões degenerativas e inflamatórias do endocárdio como calcinose, endocardiose e endocardite;
3) Distúrbios do pericárdio como hidropericárdio e hemopericárdio.
This document summarizes research on uterine health in dairy cows. It discusses various risk factors for uterine disease and identifies bacteria as the main cause. Culture-independent techniques have found the uterine microbiome to be more diverse than indicated by routine bacteriology. Certain strains of E. coli are more pathogenic than others. Vaccines targeting common uterine pathogens have shown promise in reducing metritis. Metritis is associated with reduced feed intake and an impaired immune response. Inflammation markers increase before reproductive diseases occur. Treatment of metritis and postpartum uterine disease with antibiotics is generally effective in resolving clinical signs but has limited impact on reproduction. Both endometritis and postpartum vaginal discharge impair fertility through various pathogenic mechanisms.
En esta presentación se intenta explicar las ventajas que presenta la fisioterapia en los animales de compañía, centrándose en mayor medida en la hidroterapia y sobre todo cinta subacuática.
The bacterium Borrelia anserina infects various bird species like chickens, causing morbidity and mortality rates up to 100%. It is transmitted by the soft tick Argas persicus and infected feces. B. anserina can survive outside a host within A. persicus for up to 430 days. Another intestinal spirochete, Brachyspira pilosicoli, is associated with large intestine inflammation in birds and mammals and has been linked to typhlitis, diarrhea, reduced egg production, and egg soiling in chickens.
Anaplasmosis is a tick-borne infectious disease of cattle characterized by fever, anorexia, and jaundice. It is caused by the rickettsial organism Anaplasma marginale, which infects and destroys red blood cells. The disease poses a major threat to cattle industries in tropical and subtropical regions. While adult cattle often exhibit symptoms, young cattle typically do not despite sometimes being infected. Diagnosis involves identifying the organism in blood samples, and treatment consists of tetracycline antibiotics. Control relies on tick control measures but vaccines have had limited success.
Este documento descreve as características morfológicas e taxonomia de carrapatos e ácaros. Apresenta as famílias Ixodidae e Argasidae de carrapatos, com exemplos de gêneros e espécies, e discute doenças transmitidas. Também aborda as subordens de ácaros e exemplifica gêneros associados a doenças dérmicas e alérgicas.
Milk fever, also known as parturient paresis, is a hypocalcemia condition in dairy cows and buffaloes around the time of calving. It is caused by a sharp decrease in blood calcium levels, which leads to muscular weakness. Clinical signs include stages of excitement, sternal recumbency, and lateral recumbency. Treatment involves intravenous calcium supplementation, with calcium borogluconate being the standard treatment. Proper dietary management before and after calving can help prevent milk fever.
This presentation was given at the 2015 Lambing & Kidding School held at North Harford High School in Pylesville, Maryland. The presenter was Sara Meagher BhaduriHauck.
O documento discute hipocalcemia em ruminantes. O painel 1 apresenta um estudo sobre dietas com baixo balanço catiônico-aniônico pré-parto em vacas leiteiras, concluindo que dietas negativas por 21 ou 42 dias não afetam o desempenho pós-parto. O painel 2 analisa a associação entre hipocalcemia subclínica, balanço energético negativo e doenças no pós-parto, mostrando correlação com perda de peso corporal. O documento aborda inovações para
This document summarizes enzootic pneumonia in sheep, also known as sheep pneumonia. It is an acute respiratory disease affecting sheep of all ages, caused by a combination of environmental and infectious factors. Viruses damage the respiratory tract lining, allowing bacterial invasion by pathogens like Pasteurella haemolytica. Environmental stressors like overcrowding and weather changes predispose sheep to infection. Clinical signs include fever, nasal discharge, coughing and respiratory distress. Diagnosis involves isolating P. haemolytica from samples. Treatment includes long-acting tetracyclines and sulfonamides. Prevention focuses on minimizing stress and maintaining good sanitation.
O documento discute as patologias do sistema respiratório, descrevendo em detalhe as estruturas e patologias da cavidade nasal, incluindo rinites, sinusites, neoplasias e outras condições como rinotraqueíte infecciosa dos bovinos.
Lyme disease is a tick-borne illness caused by the Borrelia burgdorferi bacteria transmitted through the bite of an infected blacklegged tick; the highest risk areas are the Northeast, Mid-Atlantic, Wisconsin and Minnesota. Symptoms may include a characteristic bullseye rash called erythema migrans along with fever, headache, and fatigue, and if left untreated it can spread to the joints, heart and nervous system.
Tetanus is an acute, often fatal disease caused by the bacteria Clostridium tetani found in soil. It commonly occurs after an injury where the bacteria enters the body. The bacteria produces a toxin called tetanospasmin which affects the central nervous system. Horses are highly susceptible and show signs like lockjaw, nervousness, and muscle spasms. Treatment involves antibiotics, antitoxin, sedatives, and nursing care in a quiet, dark environment. Prevention consists of vaccinating horses against tetanus toxoid which provides stable immunity, with boosters after injuries. While early diagnosis and treatment can help destroy the bacteria, severe cases often result in death.
O documento descreve as principais famílias e espécies de carrapatos no Brasil, incluindo suas características morfológicas, ciclo de vida, importância econômica e de saúde pública. As famílias mais comuns são Ixodidae, com 702 espécies, Argasidae com 193 espécies e Nuttalliellidae com 1 espécie. Espécies como Rhipicephalus microplus, Rhipicephalus sanguineus e Amblyomma cajennense são vetores importantes de doenças em bovinos,
webinaire organisé dans le cadre d’InnOvin était sous le thème des maladies métaboliques en fin de gestation. Laurent Saboureau, vétérinaire, a abordé les mécanismes, les moyens de prévention et de soins des toxémies de gestation, acidose et prolapsus.
HELMINTHES / NEMATODES (VERS RONDS )
A) ASCARIDIOSE :
-L'infestation par ASCARIS LYMBRICOIDES est très fréquente cosmopolite,
atteignant 1/4 de la population du globe.
-C'est un ver rond (10 à 30cm) blanc rosé, aux extrémités effilées
* Contamination: est orale. Les larves traversent la muqueuse gastro-duodénale, gagnent le foie, puis le poumon puis traversent la paroi alvéolaire; remontent l'arbre aérien, arrivent à l'épiglotte où elles basculent dans le tube digestif. Deviennent adulte en 8 à 10 semaines dans la lumière intestinale.
Les oeufs peuvent survivre plusieurs années dans le milieu extérieur
B-OXYROSE :
Parasitose cosmopolite bénigne mais très fréquente et tenace due à ENTEROBIUS
VERMICULUS. C'est un petit ver blanc de quelques mm, très répandu surtout chez l'enfant.
La contamination est orale.
Les vers adultes vivent dans le cæcum.
Les femelles migrent la nuit pour aller pondre dans la région péri-anale. Les œufs provoquent une irritation et un prurit responsable de grattage et de la contamination des doigts de l'enfant qui les transmet à la bouche soit directement soit indirectement via les aliments ou les boissons.
ANGUILLULOSE: est due à la présence dans la paroi duodénale d'un ver:
Strongyloides stercoralis
Ver rond 2 à 3 mm.
Contamination:
L'infection résulte de la pénétration trans cutanée de larves qui, par voie sanguine, sont transportées jusqu'aux poumons puis l'arbre aérien et enfin le tube digestif. Les femelles vivent dans les cryptes du duodénum. Les oeufs éclosent dans l'intestin et donnent naissance à des larves qui sont éliminées dans les selles.
ANKYLOSTOMIASE:
Les Ankylostomes sont des vers ronds de 5 à 20 mm long.
2 espèces : Necator americanus.
Ankylostoma duodenale
parasitent l'intestin humain
Le caractère particulier de ces vers est leur hématophagie responsable d’anémie parfois grave.
Contamination:
La voie d'infestation est transcutanée pour N. Americanus, transcut. et orale pour
A. duodenale. Les vers se fixent sur la muqueuse duodénale et se nourrissent de sang.
CESTODES:
VËRS.PLATS
Les C. sont des V. plats, rubannés, segmentés, sans tube digestif, hermaphrodites.
Toenia Saginata :
L'infection est provoquée par l'ingestion de viande de boeuf crue ou peu cuite, contenant des larves. La larve est libérée dans l'estomac et la tête ou scolex se fixe sur des ventouses à la muqueuse du grêle sup. Lorsqu'il parvient à maturité il mesure 4 à 5m et compte 1000 à 2000 anneaux. Le ver se nourrit aux dépens du contenu intestinal.
Diaporama des 6èmes JTO 2014
Des pistes pour diminuer la mortalité des agneaux
De par son caractère multifactoriel, la maîtrise de la mortalité des agneaux est souvent complexe. Elle nécessite une approche structurée.
Combinaison des approches génétique et de modélisation pour développer un nouveau biomarqueur non invasif de résilience basé sur les métabolites du lait, par Marie Ithurbide - INRAE
Dans un contexte où la transmission et l'installation d'agriculteurs sont des enjeux cruciaux pour la profession agricole, de nouveaux agriculteurs s'installent chaque année et, parmi eux, certains Bac+5 ou plus. Les cursus des écoles d'ingénieurs n'ont pas vocation à former de futurs agriculteurs. Pourtant, certains apprenants ayant suivi ces cursus BAC + 5, qu'ils soient ou non issus du milieu agricole, tentent l'aventure de l'entrepreneuriat agricole. Qui sont-ils ? Quelles sont leurs motivations et visions ? Comment travaillent-ils ?
Organisé par le CIIRPO, ce webinaire fait le point sur les différents types de boiteries chez les brebis et les béliers illustrées de photos. Les modes de prévention et les traitements possibles sont cités.
L’équipe du projet BeBoP a proposé un webinaire le 30 mai 2024 pour découvrir comment la technologie vidéo, combinée à l’intelligence artificielle, se met au service de l’analyse du comportement des taurillons.
2. Une pathologie désarmante et
indissociable de l’élevage ovin…
• Atteint toutes les catégories d’âge ou de sexe
• Jeunes Agneaux (10 jours à 3 semaines)
• nourris à la mamelle par des brebis très bonnes laitières
• à l’allaitement artificiel non rationné
• Agneaux de 1 à 6 mois à l’engraissement
• Ovins adultes
• sur des pâturages luxuriants au printemps ou à l’automne,
• nourris avec des rations abondantes en concentrés ou en
céréales
3. Une pathologie désarmante et
indissociable de l’élevage ovin…
• Induit des pertes brutales
• Souvent mort subite sans signe précurseur
• Rend impossible tout traitement efficace
• Provoque de graves pertes économiques sur des
animaux de haute valeur
• Perte d’animaux à fort potentiel de croissance
• Perte d’animaux à fort potentiel génétique de
production
4. Qu’est-ce-que l’entérotoxémie ?
• Maladie suraiguë ou aiguë généralement fatale
• Toxi-infection
• Multiplication explosive de bactéries (essentiellement
des clostridies) dans l’intestin
• Entraînant la production de toxines résorbées dans la
circulation sanguine
• Attaquent les organes
• Seuls des facteurs de risque responsables d’un
ralentissement du transit digestif peut permettre
cette multiplication explosive
5. Qu’est-ce-que l’entérotoxémie ?
• Les enterotoxémies sont principalement causées par
Clostridium perfringens
• Bactérie Gram +
• Anaérobie stricte
• Forme de bâtonnet sporulée
• Germe ubiquitaire
• Commensal : hôte normal du tube digestif de toutes les espèces animales
• Tellurique : se trouve également dans le sol
• Classé en plusieurs sérotypes selon les toxines produites
• 15 recensées
• 4 dites « létales majeures » responsables de l’entérotoxémie
• Identification complexe
6. Qu’est-ce-que l’entérotoxémie ?
• Clostridium perfringens type A, B, C et D
• Type A ou C : Entérite hémorragique
• Type B : Dysenterie des agneaux
• Type D : Maladie du rein pulpeux
8. Pathogénie
1. Facteurs de risque
2. Déséquilibre de la flore digestive
3. Mal-digestion
4. Passage de particules alimentaires non ou mal-digérés dans
l’intestin
5. Multiplication des clostridiums
• De 102 à 103 / gramme à 107 à 109 / gramme
6. Production de toxines
7. Passage des toxines dans le sang
8. INTOXINATION = TOXI-INFECTION
9. Facteurs de risque
• Facteurs alimentaires
• Changement brutal de régime alimentaire
• Transition : Allaitement / Engraissement, Pâturage / Bergerie
• Suralimentation et/ou variation individuelle de la consommation
• Agneaux ayant une mère très bonne laitière ou allaités artificiellement sans
rationnement
• Animaux dominants ou manque de longueur d’auge
• Régimes pauvres en fibres et riches en glucides et en azote soluble
• Céréales, pulpes, herbe jeune (mise à l’herbe), légumineuses ….
• Erreurs de distribution
• Aliment concentré à volonté ou distribué le matin avant les fourrages, aliment
mal mélangé ou tri, apport faible suivi d’apport excessif de rattrapage
• Abreuvement insuffisant
10. Facteurs de risque
• Autres facteurs
• Stress climatique
• Orage, changement brutal de température, variation de
pression atmosphérique
• Parasitisme
• Perturbation du péristaltisme ou de la digestion
• Ex : coccidies, ténia, petite douve
• Traitement antibiotique à visée digestive
• Flore digestive immature des jeunes animaux
• Effet barrière non mature
11. Comment reconnaître
l’entérotoxémie ?
• Contexte = mort brutale souvent sans symptômes préalables
• Animaux les plus beaux
• Présence de facteurs de risque
• Symptômes et lésions
• Symptômes à dominantes nerveuses peu évocateurs
• Lésions découvertes à l’autopsie (uniquement si précoce < 6h)
• Animaux en bon état, estomac rempli d’aliments
• Putréfaction et autolyse du cadavre rapides
• Bleuissement
• Abdomen dilaté, Intestins dilatés (gaz de putréfaction) et hémorragiques (enterite)
• Foie décoloré
• Epithélium de la panse se décollant
• Reins pulpeux = ramollis
13. Comment reconnaître
l’entérotoxémie ?
• Analyses
• Urinaire : recherche glucosurie par bandelette (maladie du rein pulpeux)
• Détection et dénombrement des clostridium
• Indispensable pour identifier l’agent causal et ses toxines = diagnostic de certitude
• Prélèvement rapide (quelques heures au plus après la mort) d’un échantillon de
contenu de l’intestin grêle (= jejunum)
• Maintien dans un milieu de transport anaérobie (ou tube rempli à ras bord en ayant
chassé l’air)
• Acheminement rapide au laboratoire
• 6 à 8 h entre mort et ensemencement à 20°C, 24 à 36 h à 4°C (ne pas congeler)
• Identification des clostridrium et dénombrement (> 106/g)
• Détection des toxines
• ELISA
• Mêmes contraintes de prélèvement mais congélation possible
14. Comment reconnaître
l’entérotoxémie ?
• Diagnostic différentiel
• Forme subaiguë avec signes nerveux
• Nécrose du Cortex Cérébral
• Forme aiguë
• Maladies septicémiques à mot subite
• Salmonellose
• Colibacillose
• Pasteurellose septicémique
• Border disease
• Intoxications
15. Maîtrise des entérotoxémies
• Traitement
• Illusoire : Apparition brutale et mortalité subite
• Antibiothérapie peu efficace si tardive
• Sérum non disponible
• Prévention indispensable
• Prévention des facteurs de risques
= Facteurs qui entrainent un déséquilibre de la flore digestive et une mal-digestion
• Stimulation de la flore digestive et préservation de son équilibre
• Vaccination
• Brebis (protection active + passive des agneaux)
• Agneaux
16. Maîtrise des entérotoxémies
• Prévention des facteurs de risques
• Stress climatique
• Conditions de logement et abris extérieurs
• Prévention alimentaire du stress thermique (coup de chaleur)
• Parasitisme
• Bilan et maîtrise parasitaire avant les périodes de transition ou à risques
• Antibiotique à visée digestive
• Si non évitable => re-stimulation de la flore digestive
• Rationnement et transition alimentaire
• Equilibre Fourrages – Concentrés
• Vitesse de dégradation des éléments digestibles de la ration
• Séquence et fréquence de distribution
• Transition alimentaire
17. 1010 bactéries
106 protozoaires
106 champignons et levures
/ ml de jus
FIBRES Flore cellulolytique Flore Amylolytique
ACIDES GRAS VOLATILS (AGV)
Acide Acétique Acide Propionique
Acide Butyrique
SUCRES
FERMENTESCIBLES
Acide Lactique
6 < pH < 6,4
Maîtrise des entérotoxémies
• Préservation de l’équilibre de flore digestive
18. Maîtrise des entérotoxémies
• Préservation de l’équilibre de flore digestive
• Utilisation de facteurs tampons
• Rations acidogènes
• Bicarbonate de soude, Carbonate de soude, Carbonate de calcium,
Magnésie
• Importance de l’effet tampon et de la cinétique
• Utilisation de capteurs d’ammoniac
• Herbe jeune, légumineuses
• Lithothamne et algues marines
• Captation et valorisation de l’azote soluble
19. Maîtrise des entérotoxémies
• Stimulation de la flore digestive
• Quand ?
• A la naissance
• Lors des transitions alimentaires
• Après traitement antimicrobien à visée digestive
• Lors des accidents digestifs
• Comment ?
• Prébiotiques : éléments nutritifs ayant un effet booster de la flore
digestive et permettant son développement
• Probiotiques : éléments microbiens vivants (bactéries, levures)
• Stimulateurs de flore favorable par production de métabolites booster
• Antagonistes des clostridies
21. Maîtrise des entérotoxémies
• Vaccination
• Vaccins inactivés
• Administration d’anatoxines des différents sérotypes de
clostridies pour stimuler la production d’anti-corps anti-
toxines
• Vaccination
• Brebis (protection active des brebis + passive des agneaux via les
anti-corps maternels du colostrum)
• Agneaux (protection active des agneaux)
24. Maîtrise des entérotoxémies
• Vaccins efficaces, bien tolérés et peu coûteux
• 1 agneaux sauvé permet d’amortir la vaccination d’un lot de
100 agneaux
• Mais limites de la vaccination existent
• Symptomatologie « entero » liée à d’autres bactéries
• Facteurs de risques entrainant des déséquilibres digestifs importants
• Explosion de la multiplication clostridienne et de la production de
toxines
• Débordement des barrières immunitaires