RAPPORT SURFACE FOLIAIRE ET POIDS DE RECOLTE : INCIDENCES SUR L’ALIMENTATION HYDRIQUE DE LA VIGNE, LA QUALITE DU MOUT, LA QUALITE DU VIN DE QUATRE CEPAGES DE MIDI-PYRENEES
This document summarizes the biodiversity of plum species. It discusses five centres of origin for plums in Europe, Western Asia, Central Asia, China, and North America. It outlines various plum species including Prunus domestica, P. salicina, P. americana, and their traits. It also discusses classification of plums, genetic resources, distribution in India, interspecific hybrids, and important cultivars. Rootstocks commonly used for plums are also listed. The document provides a comprehensive overview of plum biodiversity and cultivation globally and in India.
Central leader-modified-central-leader-pruning-presentationBoonyong Chira
Central leader and modified central leader pruning styles are used to maximize fruit production and quality for non-Prunus fruit trees. This involves keeping a central leader and scaffold branches that are spaced to allow light and air penetration. Without proper pruning, branches become crowded, restricting light and promoting pests. Trees should have 20-40% growth removed annually to maintain the shape and 10-20% is common with good practices. Examples of different fruit trees pruned in the central leader and modified central leader styles are provided.
Citrus Crops and hazelnut Production technologyPranjal Pandey
This document provides information on citrus fruits and hazelnuts. It discusses the important citrus species including acid lime, lemon, sweet orange, mandarin, pummelo and grapefruit. It also covers citrus production areas, climate and soil requirements, propagation methods, pruning, varieties, rootstocks, physiological disorders, diseases and pests. The major citrus producing countries and states in India are identified. Management strategies for diseases like tristeza, greening, exocortis and canker are outlined. Control measures for pests such as leaf miner, bark borer and fruit sucking moths are also described.
Water jet Machining / Abrasive Water jet Machningmohit99033
Abrasive water jet machining (AWJM) is a non-traditional machining process that uses a high-pressure stream of water mixed with abrasive particles to cut materials. It involves pumping water at very high pressures through a nozzle to accelerate the water and abrasive particles to high speeds. As the abrasive water jet impacts the workpiece, the concentrated mechanical energy of the particles removes material through erosion. AWJM can cut a wide variety of materials, produces very little heat or waste, and leaves a smooth finish. However, it has high costs and cannot accurately machine very thick parts.
This document summarizes a phenological monitoring project of selected horticultural fruit tree crops conducted from 2015-2020. The objectives were to standardize phenological monitoring methods, evaluate tree phenology response to climate change, and evaluate best management practices. Selected trees included Bael, Jackfruit, Jamun, and Tamarind. Phenological stages were recorded using a modified BBCH scale. Weather data and tree phenology including leafing, flowering, and fruiting were documented. Analysis of tree canopy growth using image software was also presented.
Physiology of flowering in temperate fruit cropsMANDEEP KAUR
The document discusses the physiology of flowering in temperate fruit crops. It covers several topics:
1. The process of flowering involves three stages - differentiation, development, and opening of flower buds.
2. Flowering is triggered by various environmental and genetic factors like photoperiodism, temperature, hormones. Increased temperatures have inhibited growth and development in temperate fruits.
3. Low temperatures can damage flowers and young fruit through frost. The ovules and styles are more susceptible than pollen. Frost damage depends on developmental stage and temperature.
This document summarizes the biodiversity of plum species. It discusses five centres of origin for plums in Europe, Western Asia, Central Asia, China, and North America. It outlines various plum species including Prunus domestica, P. salicina, P. americana, and their traits. It also discusses classification of plums, genetic resources, distribution in India, interspecific hybrids, and important cultivars. Rootstocks commonly used for plums are also listed. The document provides a comprehensive overview of plum biodiversity and cultivation globally and in India.
Central leader-modified-central-leader-pruning-presentationBoonyong Chira
Central leader and modified central leader pruning styles are used to maximize fruit production and quality for non-Prunus fruit trees. This involves keeping a central leader and scaffold branches that are spaced to allow light and air penetration. Without proper pruning, branches become crowded, restricting light and promoting pests. Trees should have 20-40% growth removed annually to maintain the shape and 10-20% is common with good practices. Examples of different fruit trees pruned in the central leader and modified central leader styles are provided.
Citrus Crops and hazelnut Production technologyPranjal Pandey
This document provides information on citrus fruits and hazelnuts. It discusses the important citrus species including acid lime, lemon, sweet orange, mandarin, pummelo and grapefruit. It also covers citrus production areas, climate and soil requirements, propagation methods, pruning, varieties, rootstocks, physiological disorders, diseases and pests. The major citrus producing countries and states in India are identified. Management strategies for diseases like tristeza, greening, exocortis and canker are outlined. Control measures for pests such as leaf miner, bark borer and fruit sucking moths are also described.
Water jet Machining / Abrasive Water jet Machningmohit99033
Abrasive water jet machining (AWJM) is a non-traditional machining process that uses a high-pressure stream of water mixed with abrasive particles to cut materials. It involves pumping water at very high pressures through a nozzle to accelerate the water and abrasive particles to high speeds. As the abrasive water jet impacts the workpiece, the concentrated mechanical energy of the particles removes material through erosion. AWJM can cut a wide variety of materials, produces very little heat or waste, and leaves a smooth finish. However, it has high costs and cannot accurately machine very thick parts.
This document summarizes a phenological monitoring project of selected horticultural fruit tree crops conducted from 2015-2020. The objectives were to standardize phenological monitoring methods, evaluate tree phenology response to climate change, and evaluate best management practices. Selected trees included Bael, Jackfruit, Jamun, and Tamarind. Phenological stages were recorded using a modified BBCH scale. Weather data and tree phenology including leafing, flowering, and fruiting were documented. Analysis of tree canopy growth using image software was also presented.
Physiology of flowering in temperate fruit cropsMANDEEP KAUR
The document discusses the physiology of flowering in temperate fruit crops. It covers several topics:
1. The process of flowering involves three stages - differentiation, development, and opening of flower buds.
2. Flowering is triggered by various environmental and genetic factors like photoperiodism, temperature, hormones. Increased temperatures have inhibited growth and development in temperate fruits.
3. Low temperatures can damage flowers and young fruit through frost. The ovules and styles are more susceptible than pollen. Frost damage depends on developmental stage and temperature.
- Jute is a natural fiber that originated from Africa and the Indo-Burma region. It is the second most important vegetable fiber after cotton.
- India is the largest producer of jute, with West Bengal producing the majority. The two main species are Corchorus capsularis and Corchorus olitorius.
- Jute grows well in warm, humid climates with temperatures between 24-37°C and annual rainfall of 80-100cm. It is cultivated from March to April before being harvested 120-200 days later.
“Advances in breeding of grapes ”
Advances breeding of Grape, breeding of grape, mutation breeding of grape, biotechnology breeding of grape ppt, breeding of grape by gangaram rana, Advances breeding of Grape in igkv ,
Inbred lines are developed through several generations of self-pollination to create genetically pure and homozygous breeding lines. There are two main methods for developing inbred lines - selfing of heterozygous populations using pedigree, bulk, or backcross methods, and doubling of haploids. Inbred lines are important for developing hybrid varieties in crops as they allow for the stable and uniform performance of hybrids from one generation to the next. Inbred lines are identified by numbers or letters and are important resources in crop breeding programs.
1. The document discusses the biodiversity, origin, distribution, and conservation of papaya varieties. It describes how papaya originated in tropical America and was introduced to India in the 16th century.
2. It provides details on the major papaya varieties cultivated in India, including Coorg Honey Dew, Pusa Dwarf, and Pusa Giant. It discusses the characteristics and uses of each variety.
3. The document emphasizes the importance of conserving papaya germplasm given the narrow gene pool and susceptibility to diseases. It describes methods used for long-term conservation including desiccation of seeds and cryopreservation of shoot tips.
The document provides information about flowers and roses. It discusses how flowers have evolved over millions of years to assist in pollination. It then focuses on roses, describing their history, symbolism, taxonomy, cultivation practices including varieties, pests and diseases, harvesting, and uses of roses. The document is an extensive guide covering many aspects of rose flowers.
This study evaluated the effects of training systems and NAA application on bell pepper production in a polyhouse. The experiment consisted of three training systems (staking, bush and single stem) and two NAA concentrations (0 and 50 ppm). Results showed that the single stem training system with 50 ppm NAA application produced the highest yield, lowest fruit drop and highest fruit quality. This was due to increased plant height, more number of fruits per plant and reduced premature fruit drop from the application of NAA under the single stem system. Thus, the single stem training system with NAA was most effective for improving bell pepper production in polyhouse conditions.
Coastal Prickly Pear (Opuntia littoralis) is a native clumping cactus that grows 1-3 feet tall and 3-6 feet wide along coastal areas from Santa Barbara to northern Baja California. It has flattened, succulent stems with large spines and small barbed bristles that can irritate skin. The pale yellow flowers bloom May through June and produce purple fruits that can be eaten or used to make jelly. This drought-tolerant cactus is well-suited for natural gardens, as a barrier plant, or in large containers where it provides habitat for birds and attracts butterflies and hummingbirds. It spreads easily and thrives with minimal care
This document discusses breeding for drought tolerance in cotton. It begins by introducing the genus Gossypium, which includes four cultivated cotton species. It then defines different types of drought and lists Pakistan as the world's 4th largest cotton producer. The document outlines mechanisms of drought tolerance including escape, avoidance, and tolerance. It discusses morphological, physiological, and biochemical bases of drought tolerance in cotton plants. Wild species, land races, cultivated varieties, and obsolete cultivars are described as sources of drought tolerance. Conventional and non-conventional breeding methods are also reviewed. In conclusion, the development of resistant varieties through efficient screening and use of germplasm is emphasized as an effective drought management strategy. Future research directions include improving screening
This document provides information about Momordica cochinchinensis (sweet gourd). It discusses the origin, botany, nutritional value, health benefits, cultivation practices, breeding objectives, and research on propagating it in vitro. Specifically, it explores sterilizing seeds both with and without their dense coats to initiate growth in liquid and solid media. Within 16 days of cultivation, cotyledons opened and roots formed intensely, showing potential for micropropagation of this valuable crop with low germination rates.
Ultrasonic machining (USM) uses high-frequency ultrasonic vibrations to remove material from a workpiece with an abrasive slurry. Key aspects of USM include:
1. An ultrasonic generator and transducer convert electrical energy into high-frequency mechanical vibrations that are transmitted to a tool via a tool holder.
2. An abrasive slurry is passed between the vibrating tool and workpiece to machine the material. Factors like abrasive type and size, slurry concentration, and vibration amplitude influence the material removal rate.
3. Two common transducer types are magnetostrictive and piezoelectric. Piezoelectric transducers are more
Water jet machining uses a high-pressure stream of water, traveling at supersonic speeds, to cut materials. Key components of the water jet machining system include a hydraulic pump to pressurize the water, an intensifier to further increase the pressure, a nozzle to direct the jet, and a catcher to collect waste. Water jet machining can cut a variety of materials without generating heat and produces minimal burrs or damaged areas. However, it is not suitable for mass production or cutting very thick materials.
This document discusses seed production methods for radish. It begins by noting India's import of radish seeds and the requirements for certified radish seeds in India. It then discusses the following key points in 3 sentences:
1) Radish is a highly cross-pollinated crop in the cruciferous family that is pollinated mainly by honey bees. Selection of true-to-type roots and isolation distances of 1600m for foundation seed and 1000m for certified seed production are required.
2) There are two common methods for radish seed production - the seed-to-seed (in situ) method and the root-to-seed (transplanting) method, with the latter allowing for
Crop regulation and off season fruit productionsukhjinder mann
The document discusses crop regulation and off-season fruit production. The main objectives of crop regulation are to force trees to rest and produce abundant blossoms and fruits during specific flushing periods, regulate uniform fruit quality, and maximize production and profits. Commonly used methods for crop and off-season regulation include withholding irrigation, hand thinning, pruning, smudging, and chemical applications. Specific techniques are discussed for regulating crops of guava, pomegranate, citrus, and grapes to produce fruits off-season through cultural practices, protected cultivation, and growth regulators. Benefits and challenges of off-season production are also summarized.
Conventional and non-conventional methods for improvement of cucurbits.pptxgandhi976
This document discusses conventional and non-conventional breeding methods for improving cucurbits. It begins with an introduction to cucurbits and their importance. It then describes various conventional methods used in cucurbit breeding like plant introduction, mass selection, backcrossing, and heterosis breeding. Non-conventional methods discussed include mutation breeding, polyploidy breeding, molecular markers, QTL mapping, genetic transformation, and tissue culture techniques. Several case studies of varieties developed for different cucurbit crops using these breeding methods are also provided.
Presentation during the Bureau of Agricultural Research (BAR) 13th Agriculture and Fisheries Technology Forum and Product Exhibition Seminar Series on August 9, 2017 at BAR Grounds, cor. Visayas Ave., Elliptical Rd., Diliman, Quezon City
Electro Discharge Machining (EDM) is a non-traditional machining process that uses electrical sparks to remove material. In EDM, an electric spark is generated between an electrode tool and conductive workpiece submerged in a dielectric fluid. This spark removes microscopic amounts of material through thermal erosion. EDM can machine hard metals and complex shapes. It produces a recast layer on the workpiece surface with altered properties that may require post-machining treatment. Common applications of EDM include die and mold making.
Molecular markers are powerful tools that can be used for germplasm characterization. They are DNA sequences that can identify individuals and genes controlling important traits. Molecular markers are not influenced by environmental conditions and have simple inheritance, making them useful for characterizing perennial crops. Common types of molecular markers include RFLPs, RAPDs, AFLPs, and STMSs. Marker-assisted selection allows indirect selection for desired traits based on marker banding patterns. Molecular markers have various applications, including cultivar identification, hybrid testing, sex identification, analysis of genetic diversity, and establishing centers of diversity. They provide benefits over other genetic markers like abundance, co-dominance, and independence from developmental stage and environment.
- Jute is a natural fiber that originated from Africa and the Indo-Burma region. It is the second most important vegetable fiber after cotton.
- India is the largest producer of jute, with West Bengal producing the majority. The two main species are Corchorus capsularis and Corchorus olitorius.
- Jute grows well in warm, humid climates with temperatures between 24-37°C and annual rainfall of 80-100cm. It is cultivated from March to April before being harvested 120-200 days later.
“Advances in breeding of grapes ”
Advances breeding of Grape, breeding of grape, mutation breeding of grape, biotechnology breeding of grape ppt, breeding of grape by gangaram rana, Advances breeding of Grape in igkv ,
Inbred lines are developed through several generations of self-pollination to create genetically pure and homozygous breeding lines. There are two main methods for developing inbred lines - selfing of heterozygous populations using pedigree, bulk, or backcross methods, and doubling of haploids. Inbred lines are important for developing hybrid varieties in crops as they allow for the stable and uniform performance of hybrids from one generation to the next. Inbred lines are identified by numbers or letters and are important resources in crop breeding programs.
1. The document discusses the biodiversity, origin, distribution, and conservation of papaya varieties. It describes how papaya originated in tropical America and was introduced to India in the 16th century.
2. It provides details on the major papaya varieties cultivated in India, including Coorg Honey Dew, Pusa Dwarf, and Pusa Giant. It discusses the characteristics and uses of each variety.
3. The document emphasizes the importance of conserving papaya germplasm given the narrow gene pool and susceptibility to diseases. It describes methods used for long-term conservation including desiccation of seeds and cryopreservation of shoot tips.
The document provides information about flowers and roses. It discusses how flowers have evolved over millions of years to assist in pollination. It then focuses on roses, describing their history, symbolism, taxonomy, cultivation practices including varieties, pests and diseases, harvesting, and uses of roses. The document is an extensive guide covering many aspects of rose flowers.
This study evaluated the effects of training systems and NAA application on bell pepper production in a polyhouse. The experiment consisted of three training systems (staking, bush and single stem) and two NAA concentrations (0 and 50 ppm). Results showed that the single stem training system with 50 ppm NAA application produced the highest yield, lowest fruit drop and highest fruit quality. This was due to increased plant height, more number of fruits per plant and reduced premature fruit drop from the application of NAA under the single stem system. Thus, the single stem training system with NAA was most effective for improving bell pepper production in polyhouse conditions.
Coastal Prickly Pear (Opuntia littoralis) is a native clumping cactus that grows 1-3 feet tall and 3-6 feet wide along coastal areas from Santa Barbara to northern Baja California. It has flattened, succulent stems with large spines and small barbed bristles that can irritate skin. The pale yellow flowers bloom May through June and produce purple fruits that can be eaten or used to make jelly. This drought-tolerant cactus is well-suited for natural gardens, as a barrier plant, or in large containers where it provides habitat for birds and attracts butterflies and hummingbirds. It spreads easily and thrives with minimal care
This document discusses breeding for drought tolerance in cotton. It begins by introducing the genus Gossypium, which includes four cultivated cotton species. It then defines different types of drought and lists Pakistan as the world's 4th largest cotton producer. The document outlines mechanisms of drought tolerance including escape, avoidance, and tolerance. It discusses morphological, physiological, and biochemical bases of drought tolerance in cotton plants. Wild species, land races, cultivated varieties, and obsolete cultivars are described as sources of drought tolerance. Conventional and non-conventional breeding methods are also reviewed. In conclusion, the development of resistant varieties through efficient screening and use of germplasm is emphasized as an effective drought management strategy. Future research directions include improving screening
This document provides information about Momordica cochinchinensis (sweet gourd). It discusses the origin, botany, nutritional value, health benefits, cultivation practices, breeding objectives, and research on propagating it in vitro. Specifically, it explores sterilizing seeds both with and without their dense coats to initiate growth in liquid and solid media. Within 16 days of cultivation, cotyledons opened and roots formed intensely, showing potential for micropropagation of this valuable crop with low germination rates.
Ultrasonic machining (USM) uses high-frequency ultrasonic vibrations to remove material from a workpiece with an abrasive slurry. Key aspects of USM include:
1. An ultrasonic generator and transducer convert electrical energy into high-frequency mechanical vibrations that are transmitted to a tool via a tool holder.
2. An abrasive slurry is passed between the vibrating tool and workpiece to machine the material. Factors like abrasive type and size, slurry concentration, and vibration amplitude influence the material removal rate.
3. Two common transducer types are magnetostrictive and piezoelectric. Piezoelectric transducers are more
Water jet machining uses a high-pressure stream of water, traveling at supersonic speeds, to cut materials. Key components of the water jet machining system include a hydraulic pump to pressurize the water, an intensifier to further increase the pressure, a nozzle to direct the jet, and a catcher to collect waste. Water jet machining can cut a variety of materials without generating heat and produces minimal burrs or damaged areas. However, it is not suitable for mass production or cutting very thick materials.
This document discusses seed production methods for radish. It begins by noting India's import of radish seeds and the requirements for certified radish seeds in India. It then discusses the following key points in 3 sentences:
1) Radish is a highly cross-pollinated crop in the cruciferous family that is pollinated mainly by honey bees. Selection of true-to-type roots and isolation distances of 1600m for foundation seed and 1000m for certified seed production are required.
2) There are two common methods for radish seed production - the seed-to-seed (in situ) method and the root-to-seed (transplanting) method, with the latter allowing for
Crop regulation and off season fruit productionsukhjinder mann
The document discusses crop regulation and off-season fruit production. The main objectives of crop regulation are to force trees to rest and produce abundant blossoms and fruits during specific flushing periods, regulate uniform fruit quality, and maximize production and profits. Commonly used methods for crop and off-season regulation include withholding irrigation, hand thinning, pruning, smudging, and chemical applications. Specific techniques are discussed for regulating crops of guava, pomegranate, citrus, and grapes to produce fruits off-season through cultural practices, protected cultivation, and growth regulators. Benefits and challenges of off-season production are also summarized.
Conventional and non-conventional methods for improvement of cucurbits.pptxgandhi976
This document discusses conventional and non-conventional breeding methods for improving cucurbits. It begins with an introduction to cucurbits and their importance. It then describes various conventional methods used in cucurbit breeding like plant introduction, mass selection, backcrossing, and heterosis breeding. Non-conventional methods discussed include mutation breeding, polyploidy breeding, molecular markers, QTL mapping, genetic transformation, and tissue culture techniques. Several case studies of varieties developed for different cucurbit crops using these breeding methods are also provided.
Presentation during the Bureau of Agricultural Research (BAR) 13th Agriculture and Fisheries Technology Forum and Product Exhibition Seminar Series on August 9, 2017 at BAR Grounds, cor. Visayas Ave., Elliptical Rd., Diliman, Quezon City
Electro Discharge Machining (EDM) is a non-traditional machining process that uses electrical sparks to remove material. In EDM, an electric spark is generated between an electrode tool and conductive workpiece submerged in a dielectric fluid. This spark removes microscopic amounts of material through thermal erosion. EDM can machine hard metals and complex shapes. It produces a recast layer on the workpiece surface with altered properties that may require post-machining treatment. Common applications of EDM include die and mold making.
Molecular markers are powerful tools that can be used for germplasm characterization. They are DNA sequences that can identify individuals and genes controlling important traits. Molecular markers are not influenced by environmental conditions and have simple inheritance, making them useful for characterizing perennial crops. Common types of molecular markers include RFLPs, RAPDs, AFLPs, and STMSs. Marker-assisted selection allows indirect selection for desired traits based on marker banding patterns. Molecular markers have various applications, including cultivar identification, hybrid testing, sex identification, analysis of genetic diversity, and establishing centers of diversity. They provide benefits over other genetic markers like abundance, co-dominance, and independence from developmental stage and environment.
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ESTIMATION PRECOCE DU RENDEMENT DE LA VIGNE :
CORRELATION ENTRE LE VOLUME DE LA GRAPPE DE VITIS VINIFERA
EN COURS DE CROISSANCE ET SON POIDS A LA RECOLTE
VALORIZZAZIONE DELLE D.O.C.G. FRANCIACORTA
ED OLTREPÒ PAVESE METODO CLASSICO
MEDIANTE IMPIEGO DI LIEVITI AUTOCTONI
PER IL MIGLIORAMENTO DELLE PRODUZIONI
E COME MARCATORI DI TIPICITÀ
1. Extrait du GESCO
Actes de colloque
RAPPORT SURFACE FOLIAIRE ET POIDS DE RECOLTE : INCIDENCES SUR
L’ALIMENTATION HYDRIQUE DE LA VIGNE, LA QUALITE DU MOUT, LA
QUALITE DU VIN DE QUATRE CEPAGES DE MIDI-PYRENEES
Auteurs : Th. Dufourcq1, L.Gontier1, E. Serrano1, N. Ollat2
Contacts : 1ITV France, Station Régionale Midi-Pyrénées, V’INNOPOLE, 81310 Peyrole, France
2
UREFV, INRA, CR de Bordeaux, BP81, 33883 Villenave d’Ornon, France
Date de publication : août 2005
2. SOMMAIRE
1 – INTRODUCTION 3
2 – MATERIEL ET METHODES 4
3 – RESULTATS 4
3.1 – Etat hydrique de la vigne, variation de la hauteur de la haie foliaire et du
rendement 4
3.2 – Relation entre l’indice SECV/PR, la contrainte hydrique, et la teneur en sucres
des moûts 5
3.3 – Indice optimal des cépages Négrette, Malbec et Duras 6
3.4 – Relation entre la présence de 3 MH dans les vins et la variation du rapport
feuilles/fruits sur Colombard B 7
4 – CONCLUSION 8
5 – BIBLIOGRAPHIE 8
3. Rapport surface foliaire et poids de récolte : incidences sur l’alimentation hydrique de la vigne,
la qualité du moût, la qualité du vin de quatre cépages de Midi-Pyrénées
Abstract :
The study uses 8 experimental places trained on vertical trellis system in 4 vineyards of the south –
west of France : AOC Gaillac (cv Duras), AOC Fronton (cv Négrette), AOC Cahors (cv Malbec),
VDP Côtes de Gascogne (cv Colombard). The exposed leaf area is estimated by the measurement of
the canopy external area (SECV).
This study shows differences of vine water status depending on the height of the foliage and the
composition of the soil. The variation of crop level may not much influence the vine water status. The
relation between sugar level of the must and Leaf/fruit ration (external canopy area (secv)-yield (pr))
is confirmed. In the vineyard with non to moderate water deficit, the relation between sugar level of
must and SECV/PR ratio is strong whatever the climatic conditions. For the three red cultivars (Duras,
Malbec, Négrette), the grape quality is optimised up to 2 m² of foliar area per kg of grape. The sensory
analysis show that the red wine coming from Leaf/Fruit ratio >1,5m²/kg are significantly better noted
by experts. The aroma composition (3-Mercapto-Hexanol and 3-Mercapto-Hexil Acetate) of the white
Colombard wine is low dependant of the Leaf/Fruit ratio.
Key words :
vertical trellis system, exposed canopy, yield, SECV/PR ratio, Colombard, Duras, Malbec, Négrette.
Résumé :
L'étude utilise un réseau de 8 parcelles conduites en espalier réparties dans quatre vignobles de Midi-
Pyrénées - AOC Gaillac (cépage Duras N, 2 parcelles), Fronton (cépage Négrette N, 2 parcelles),
Cahors (cépage Cot N, 2 parcelles), Vins de Pays des Côtes de Gascogne (cépage Colombard B, 2
parcelles). La surface foliaire est estimée par la mesure de la Surface Externe du Couvert Végétal
(SECV).
L’étude révèle des différences d’état hydrique de la vigne en fonction de la hauteur de la haie foliaire
et du type de sol. Le niveau de rendement influence peu l’état hydrique de la plante. La qualité des
moûts, essentiellement la teneur en sucres, est liée au rapport SECV-poids de récolte (PR) exprimé en
m²/kg. Dans les situations de déficit hydrique faible à modéré, la relation entre SECV-PR et la teneur
en sucres du moût atténue fortement l’effet millésime. Sur trois cépages rouges (Côt, Duras, Négrette)
la teneur en sucres du moût est optimisée jusqu’à un rapport SECV- PR de 2 m²/kg. La dégustation des
vins montre que les vins rouges issus du rapport SECV-PR supérieur à 1,5m²/kg sont préférés de façon
significative. La richesse en composés d’arômes variétal de type thiol, 3-mercapto-hexanol et acétate
de 3-mercapto-hexile, dans les vins est faiblement dépendante du rapport SECV-PR.
Mots clés :
Vignes en espalier, surface foliaire, rendement, indice SECV/PR, Colombard, Duras, Malbec,
Négrette.
1 - INTRODUCTION
De nombreuses publications (BERTAMINI et al, 1991 ; SMART ET ROBINSON, 1991 ;
MURISIER, 1996 ) ont mis en évidence l’influence de l’équilibre entre la surface foliaire exposée et le
rendement sur le taux de sucre de la vendange.
L'expérimentation que nous avons démarrée en 1998 et poursuivie jusqu’en 2004 se propose
d'apporter des éléments complémentaires. Il s’agit d’une part d’étudier le degré de dépendance du
rapport feuilles/fruits vis-à-vis de la disponibilité en eau des sols viticoles, et d’autre part de proposer
une valeur d’indice feuilles/fruits optimale des cépages étudiés en relation avec la qualité des moûts et
des vins. Les critères retenus pour juger de la qualité sont la richesse en sucres, la composition
phénolique (pour les variétés noires), la présence de 3-Mercapto-Hexanol et de son acétate dans les
vins blancs, les qualités organoleptiques des vins rouges.
Rapport surface foliaire et poids de récolte – page 3
4. 2 - MATERIELS ET METHODES
L'étude utilise un réseau de 8 parcelles réparties dans quatre vignobles de Midi-Pyrénées - AOC
Gaillac (cépage Duras N, 2 parcelles), Fronton (cépage Négrette N, 2 parcelles), Cahors (cépage Cot
N, 2 parcelles), Vins de Pays des Côtes de Gascogne (cépage Colombard B, 2 parcelles). Le dispositif
expérimental mis en place est similaire dans chaque zone : le cépage est étudié sur deux terroirs
contrastés afin d’observer des situations variables d’alimentation hydrique.
Les différents dispositifs se situent dans des typologies de vignobles de faibles à moyennes densités
(3000 - 6000 pieds par hectare) sur vignes en espalier palissées verticalement.
Sur chaque site, on induit une variation du rapport feuilles/fruits par la variation de la hauteur de
rognage et par la suppression de grappes. On obtient sur chaque parcelle expérimentale 6 (3 hauteurs x
2 rendements) valeurs d’indice suivant les dispositifs.
La hauteur de la haie foliaire est réglée par un écimage manuel et maintenue de la sorte dès que la
croissance du végétal l'impose. L'épaisseur du feuillage est la même pour toutes les modalités d'un
même site.
Sur chaque placette élémentaire (même hauteur de feuillage), la moitié des pieds produisent le
rendement classique de la zone de production, l’autre moitié est éclaircie à 50% par égrappage manuel
au début du stade véraison.
L’estimation de la surface foliaire exposée est réalisée selon la méthode proposée par MURISIER
(1996) en mesurant la Surface Externe du Couvert Végétal (SECV). Le rapport feuilles/fruits est
calculé en réalisant le rapport entre SECV et le poids de récolte (PR).
La contrainte hydrique de la vigne est mesurée par des potentiels hydriques foliaires de tige grâce à la
technique de la chambre à pression décrite par CHONE et al. (2001).
Les principaux constituants du raisin sont analysés au cours de la maturation et au moment de la
récolte. Les raisins sont vinifiés selon des modes opératoires normalisés. Après élevage, les vins
obtenus sont dégustés par un collège spécialisé constitué de techniciens et de professionnels. Les
composés aromatiques, 3-Mercapto-Hexanol (3MH) et Acétate de 3-Mercapto-Hexile (A3MH), des
vins de Colombard B sont dosés selon la méthode décrite par SCHNEIDER (2003).
3 - RESULTATS
3.1 - Etat hydrique de la vigne, variation de la hauteur de la haie foliaire et du
rendement
Les résultats présentés concernent 2 parcelles de Colombard B situées sur deux sols différents,
l’écartement entre rang est de 2m80. La parcelle Eauze est installée sur un sol brun lessivé limono-
argileux, caractéristique de la région, appelé « boulbène ». L’enracinement de la vigne a été observé
jusqu’à 2m50 de profondeur. La parcelle Caussens est installé sur une rendzine modale argilo-
limoneuse, appelée « peyrusquet ». L’enracinement de la vigne s’arrête au niveau de la dalle calcaire,
à environ 60 cm de profondeur.
Malgré une variation de la hauteur du feuillage comprise entre 40 et 60 cm, le statut hydrique de la
vigne conduite, sur « boulbène », avec un rendement équivalent (14 tonnes/hectare), n’est pas modifié.
Une différence significative n’apparaît qu’en fin de cycle à l’approche de la récolte lorsque les
conditions climatiques présentent les caractéristiques extrêmes du millésime 2003 (figure 1).
Sur sol superficiel, pour un écart de hauteur de feuillage équivalent et le même niveau de rendement
(14 tonnes/hectare), les différences de statut hydrique sont significatives tôt en saison, stade 31-33, et
se poursuivent jusqu’à la récolte (figure 2) quel que soit le millésime.
Pour une hauteur de feuillage élevée, comprise entre 1m30 et 1m60, la suppression de 50% des
grappes au début de la véraison ne modifie pas ou peu le statut hydrique de la vigne. Une seule mesure
donne une différence significative, en 2003 sur sol superficiel à Caussens (figure 3). Des résultats
similaires ont été observés avec le cépage Duras.
Rapport surface foliaire et poids de récolte – page 4
5. Colombard B, Eauze, 2002. Colombard B, Eauze, 2003. Colombard B, Eauze, 2004.
1-juil 15-juil 29-juil 12-août 26-août 9-sept 1-juil 15-juil 29-juil 12-août 26-août 9-sept
10-juin 1-juil 22-juil 12-août 2-sept 23-sept
0,00 0,00
0,00
-0,20 -0,20 -0,20
Potentiel Foliaire Tige (MPa) -0,40 -0,40 -0,40
-0,60 -0,60 -0,60
-0,80 -0,80 -0,80
-1,00 -1,00 -1,00
-1,20 -1,20 -1,20
-1,40 H=1m15 -1,40 -1,40 H=0m90
H=1m
-1,60 H=1m60 -1,60 -1,60 H=1m50
H=1m30
-1,80 -1,80 -1,80
Figure 1 : Evolution du Potentiel Hydrique Foliaire de Tige en fonction de la hauteur de feuillage (H), à charge en raisins
constante, mesuré sur cépage Colombard B implanté sur un sol brun lessivé (racines présentes à 2m50 de profondeur)
Change with Stem Water Potential for different heights of foliage (H) measured on Colombard cultivated on a deep browny
soil (roots observed at 2m50 deep)
Colombard B, Caussens, 2002. Colombard B, Caussens, 2003. Colombard B, Caussens, 2004
1-juil 15-juil 29-juil 12-août 26-août 9-sept 1-juil 15-juil 29-juil 12-août 26-août 9-sept
10-juin 1-juil 22-juil 12-août 2-sept 23-sept
0,00 0,00
0,00
-0,20 -0,20
-0,20
Potentiel Fol iaire Ti ge (MPa)
-0,40 -0,40
-0,40
-0,60 -0,60 -0,60
-0,80 -0,80 -0,80
-1,00 -1,00 -1,00
-1,20 -1,20 -1,20
-1,40 -1,40 -1,40
H=0m90 H=0m80
H=0m90
-1,60 H=1m30 -1,60 -1,60 H=1m40
H=1m30
-1,80 -1,80 -1,80
Figure 2 : Evolution du Potentiel Hydrique Foliaire de Tige en fonction de la hauteur de feuillage (H), à charge en raisins
constante, mesuré sur cépage Colombard B implanté sur une rendzine modale (racines présentes à 0m60 de profondeur)
Change with Stem Water Potential for different heights of foliage (H) measured on Colombard cultivated on a superficial
chalky soil (roots non observed deeper than 0m60)
Colombard B, Caussens Colombard B, Eauze
17-juil 27-juil 6-août 16-août 26-août 5-sept 15-sept 25-sept 17-juil 27-juil 6-août 16-août 26-août 5-sept 15-sept 25-sept
0,00 0,00
-0,20 éclairci 50% -0,20 éclairci 50%
non éclairci non éclairci
Potentiel Foliaire Tige (MPa)
-0,40 -0,40
-0,60 2002
-0,60
-0,80
-0,80 2002
-1,00 2004
-1,00 2004
-1,20
-1,20
-1,40 2003
-1,60 2003 -1,40
-1,80 -1,60
-2,00 -1,80
Figure 3 : Evolution du Potentiel Hydrique Foliaire de Tige en fonction de la charge en raisins, pour une hauteur de
feuillage (H) constante, mesuré sur cépage Colombard B implanté sur sol profond (Eauze), sur sol superficiel (Caussens)
Change with Stem Water Potential for different crops levels(no thinning and 50% thinning) measured on Colombard
cultivated on a deep browny soil (Eauze) and on a superficial chalky soil (Caussens)
3.2 - Relation entre l’indice SECV/PR, la contrainte hydrique, et la teneur en sucres des
moûts
Dans les situations où le climat et les réserves hydriques des sols ne sont pas de réels facteurs
limitants, il apparaît que le mode de conduite est primordial. La relation entre l’indice SECV/PR et le
titre d’alcool volumique potentiel (TAVP) des raisins est stable quel que soit le millésime y compris
dans les conditions exceptionnelles de 2003. Jusqu’à un indice de 2 m2/kg, on améliore le potentiel des
cépages rouges testés, Duras, Négrette (figure 4) et aussi Malbec (non présenté).
Dans les situations où la réserve hydrique des sols est faible, l’effet millésime, dans ce cas la
pluviométrie estivale, plus que la valeur de l’indice conditionne le niveau de sucre des moûts (figure
5). Ceci est en mettre en relation avec l’effet de la hauteur de feuillage sur le statut hydrique de la
plante.
Rapport surface foliaire et poids de récolte – page 5
6. Négrette 1998-2002 Duras 2000-2002
15 15
2
14 R = 0,79
2
R = 0,81 14
13
13
TAVP
12
TAVP
12
11
10 11
secv/pr secv/pr
9 10
0 0,5 1 1,5 2 2,5 3 0 0,5 1 1,5 2 2,5 3
Figure 4 : Relation entre l’indice secv/pr et le titre d’alcool volumique potentiel à la vendange sur cépage Négrette, dans le
vignoble de Fronton entre 1998 et 2002, et sur cépage Duras, dans le vignoble de Gaillac entre 2000 et 2002, conduits dans
des sols à forte réserve hydrique
Relationships between external leaf area (secv)-crop level (pr) ratio and the must potential alcoholic level (TAVP) of the
Négrette (Fronton vineyard) between 1998 and 2002 and Duras (Gaillac vineyard) between 2000 and 2002 trained on deep
soil without water deficit
Malbec 2001 -2003 Duras 2000-2003
15 15
14 2
14
R = 1,00
13 13
2
R = 0,78 2003
12 2003 12
TAVP
TAVP
11 2
11
R = 0,75 2
R = 0,96
10 10 2
R = 0,89
9 9 2
R = 0,34
secv/pr secv/pr
8 8
0 1 2 3 4 0 0,5 1 1,5 2 2,5 3
Figure 5 : Relation entre l’indice secv/pr et le titre d’alcool volumique potentiel à la vendange sur cépage Malbec, dans le
vignoble de Cahors entre 2001 et 2003, et sur cépage Duras, dans le vignoble de Gaillac entre 2000 et 2003, conduits dans
des sols à faible réserve hydrique
Relationships between external leaf area (secv)-crop level (pr) ratio and the must potential alcoholic level (TAVP) of the
Malbec (Cahors vineyard) between 2001 and 2003 and Duras (Gaillac vineyard) between 2000 and 2003 trained on
superficial soil with water deficit
3.3 - Indice optimal des cépages Négrette, Malbec et Duras
Lors d’une séance de dégustation, un jury composé de professionnels et de techniciens régionaux a
évalué 18 vins rouges, réalisés à partir de raisins issus d’indices SECV/PR variables. Les vins sont
dégustés par cépage et par millésime.
Quel que soit le cépage et le millésime, les notes des vins issus de la classe >1,5 m²/kg sont
significativement mieux notés que les vins des classes inférieures sur les descripteurs d’intensité
colorante, de gras, de qualité de tanins et sur la note globale.
Rapport surface foliaire et poids de récolte – page 6
7. Intensité colorante Sucrosité-gras Note fruitée
Indices secv/p Indices secv/p Indices secv/p
10 10 8
< 1,2 [ 1, 2 - 1, 5] > 1,5 < 1,2 [ 1, 2 - 1, 5] > 1,5 < 1,2 [ 1,2 - 1, 5] > 1,5
Note de dégustation
Note de dégustation
Note de dégustati on
8 8
6
6 6
4 4
4
2 2
b b a b b a b ab a
0 0 2
groupes homogènes NK 5% groupes homogènes NK 5% groupes homogènes NK 5%
Qualité aromatique - Bouche Qualité de tanins Note globale
Indices secv/p Indices secv/p Indices secv/p
8 8 10
< 1,2 [ 1, 2 - 1, 5] > 1,5 < 1,2 [ 1, 2 - 1, 5] > 1,5 < 1,2 [ 1, 2 - 1, 5] > 1,5
Note de dégustation
Note de dégustation
Note de dégustation
8
6 6
6
4
4 4
2
b ab a b b a b b a
2 2 0
groupes homogènes NK 5% groupes homogènes NK 5% groupes homogènes NK 5%
Figure 5 : Répartition des notes de dégustation de 18 vins rouges (9 Malbec, 6 Négrette, 3 Duras) en fonction de leur
appartenance à une classe d’indice secv/pr ; <1,2m²/kg, compris entre 1,2m²/kg et 1,5m²/kg, >1,5m²/kg
Tasting notes of 18 red wines (9 Malbec, 6 Négrette, 3 Duras) in relation with the secv/pr ratio of the grapes ; <1,2m²/kg,
between 1,2m²/kg and 1,5m²/kg, >1,5m²/kg
Les relations entre SECV/PR et le taux de sucre du moût d’une part et la qualité finale des vins
obtenue d’autre part nous conduisent à proposer une valeur d’indice SECV/PR optimale de 2m² de
feuilles par kg de raisins en production pour les cépages Duras, Malbec et Négrette.
3.4 - Relation entre la présence de 3MH dans les vins et la variation du rapport
feuilles/fruits sur Colombard B.
De récentes avancées dans la connaissance des précurseurs d’arômes de type thiols variétaux ont
montré la présence dans les feuilles de ces composés mettant ainsi en avant la quantité de feuillage
comme organe source et pourvoyeur potentiel des moûts (Peyros, 2000). Certains thiols, le 3-
mercapto-hexanol (3MH) et l’acétate de 3-mercapto-hexile (A3MH), contribuent fortement à la
typicité des vins de Colombard. Nous avons profité du dispositif expérimental en place pour étudier
l’effet de la variation du rapport entre la surface foliaire totale (SFT) et le poids de récolte (PR) sur la
quantité de ces arômes obtenus dans les vins.
Colombard - Caussens - 2002/2004 Colombard - Eauze - 2002/2004
200 100
NUO 3MH NUO 3MH
NUO A3MH NUO A3MH
Nombre d'Unités d'Odeur
Nombre d'Unités d'Odeur
100
0 0
0,00 1,00 2,00 3,00 4,00 5,00 0,00 2,00 4,00 6,00 8,00
SFT/PR m²/kg SFT/PR m²/kg
Figure 5 : Évolution du nombre d’unités d’odeur (NUO=concentration en arôme / seuil de perception) de vins de Colombard
en fonction de la variation de l’indice sft/pr (Surface Foliaire Totale /Poids de récolte) et du sol (Eauze = sol brun lessivé
profond ; Caussens = rendzine modale superficielle) ; 3MH : 3-Mercapto-Hexanol, odeur de pamplemousse, fruits
tropicaux ; A3MH : Acétate de 3-Mercapto-Hexile, odeur de buis et fruits exotiques
Evolution of the odor unit numbers (NUO= aroma concentration/perception level) of Colombard wines in relation with
the leaf/fruit ratio (total leaf area/crop level) and the soil composition (Eauze= deep browny soil ; Caussens = superficial
chalky soil) ; de récolte) et du sol (Eauze = sol brun lessivé profond ; Caussens = rendzine modale superficielle) ; 3MH : 3-
Mercapto-Hexanol, grape fruit and tropical fruit odor ; A3MH : Acétate de 3-Mercapto-Hexile, box tree and tropical fruit
odor
Rapport surface foliaire et poids de récolte – page 7
8. Quels que soient les indicateurs utilisés, Surface Foliaire Totale, Poids de Récolte, SFT/PR, il
n’apparaît pas de relation stable au cours du temps (4 millésimes) avec la quantité de 3MH et A3MH
dans les vins finis et ceux sur les deux types de sol étudiés (profond et superficiel).
Il en est de même au sein d’un même millésime.
D’autres facteurs conduisent prioritairement à la présence des ces composés dans les vins, la
contrainte hydrique, la date de récolte, les conditions climatiques au cours du cycle végétatif.
4 - CONCLUSION
L’alimentation hydrique de la vigne est un facteur qui influence la relation entre l’indice SECV/PR
(Surface Externe du Couvert Végétal / Poids de Récolte) et les indicateurs de qualité du moût. Sur les
parcelles installées sur des sols profonds, le mode de conduite, à travers cet indice, devient un outil de
gestion agronomique important car les paramètres analytiques des moûts restent stables quels que
soient les millésimes pour un même niveau d’indice. Les parcelles sous contrainte hydrique, subissent
un effet millésime prononcé. Le mode de conduite influence les paramètres viti-vinicoles de façon non
négligeable mais non constante. A partir de ces résultats et dans les conditions climatiques du Sud-
Ouest de la France, il apparaît que la qualité des vins des cépages Duras, Malbec et Négrette est
optimisée lorsque la vigne est conduite dans un équilibre feuilles/fruits de 2m²/kg..
5 - BIBLIOGRAPHIE
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Rapport surface foliaire et poids de récolte – page 8