Rendre la caféiculture résiliente aux changements climatiques
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Par Stefan Ruge et Michael Opitz, Hanns R. Neumann Stiftung
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Rendre la caféiculture résiliente aux changements climatiques
- 1. INITIATIVE POUR LE CAFÉ ET LE CLIMAT Rendre la caféiculture résiliente aux changements climatiques
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- 4. 4 ÉVALUATION DE LA VULNÉRABILITÉ AU HONDURAS Perte de zones propices à la production de café et déplacement vers des altitudes plus élevées Augmentation du stress hydrique Mauvaise floraison et développement des cerises en raison de la hausse des températures Augmentation des épidémies de nuisibles et de maladies Vulnérabilité accrue des petits exploitants et des agricultrices Honduras : les zones en rouge sont celles qui risquent d’être inadaptées à la production de café en 2050 (Source : CIAT)
- 5. 5 RÉPERCUSSIONS POUR L’INDUSTRIE 50 % – nombre de régions du monde les plus propices à la culture du café devant subir une diminution. 40 % – rendement inférieur attendu pour la production d’Arabica au Brésil en raison du gel. 0,5 °C – augmentation de la température mondiale qui conduirait à un doublement de la fréquence des événements extrêmes. 10 000 hectares – superficie des terres agricoles de café endommagées ou détruites à cause des ouragans Eta et Iota. 500 millions d’USD – dégâts annuels causés par les scolytes. 58 – âge moyen d’un caféiculteur en Amérique centrale.
- 6. Source : Coffee Barometer 2018 Investissement total annuel dans les efforts de développement durable de l’industrie du café. 350 millions d’USD / an
- 7. 7 MEMBRES FONDATEURS MEMBRES ASSOCIÉS PARTENAIRE PUBLIC PARTENAIRE D'EXÉCUTION Préparation du terrain la boite à outils c&c
- 9. 9 Ombrage temporaire Distanciation des cultures Culture intercalaire de maïs Avocatier
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- 11. 11 SYSTÈMES AGROFORESTIERS DYNAMIQUES Le café étant une espèce forestière de strate basse et de système d’abondance, la conduite d’une monoculture en plein soleil induit le café à se comporter comme une espèce de strate élevée. De cette manière, la monoculture du café crée des systèmes d’accumulation où les conditions de fertilité, de microclimat et de biodiversité nécessaires aux caféiers ne sont plus présentes. Grâce à l’AFD, la régénération, le rétablissement et la restauration des forêts climaciques s’effectuent par des processus de succession. Banane Rocou Papaye Fruit de la passion Poivron Pionniers Yucca Tomate Maïs Haricot Riz Piment Aubergine Ananas Pois d’Angole Pionniers Pionniers Pionniers Secondaires I Cultures établies depuis quinze ans ou moins, telles que : Secondaires I Secondaires I Secondaires I Secondaires II Secondaires II Secondaires II Secondaires III Secondaires III Secondaires II – III / Primaires Primaires Primaires Espèces qui ne vivent que quelques mois (un an maximum), telles que : Cultures établies depuis deux ans ou moins, telles que :
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- 13. 9 6 7 4 BOÎTE À OUTILS DE C&C
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- 15. ABONNEZ-VOUS AUX ACTUALITÉS DE C&C : www.coffeeandclimate.org/updates
Notes de l'éditeur
- My name is Stefan Ruge, I am program manager climate at the Hanns R. Neumann Stiftung. There are many things that I love about my job and why what I do is more to me than just a job. Attending coffee conferences is one of them – meeting a lot of interesting people, people who share the same passion for coffee as I do - and of course being able to drink a lot of specialty coffee for free - free always sounds good for someone who works at an NGO. But what most fascinates me, and where all my heart and soul for my job lies, are the visits and exchanges with coffee smallholder families. I am very grateful for every conversation with them - they have taught me a lot - starting with basic coffee growing knowledge - but I have also learned a lot about humility, gratitude, hospitality or not being afraid to get your clothes dirty because of hard work - I have learned a lot about life and what really counts in life from them.
- Therefore, it often hurts me when I travel to coffee regions and I see what the reality of life looks like for many coffee families. When I started my job at the Hanns R. Neumann Stiftung, my first trip took me to Ocotepeque, Honduras. We visited the farm and family of Santos - like many coffee families in Honduras, they are struggling with the effects of climate change - especially drought. Santos told me that he was at his wits' end - all the knowledge about coffee cultivation that he had learned from his father 20 years ago was no longer of any use to him - he was simply desperate. When I asked his son, Alexander, if he would like to continue with coffee – he only mentioned that he is trying to get to the USA. But I also could see that of course climate change affects coffee growing, but that coffee growing also affects the climate – mainly through deforestation, but also through carbon emissions, like you can see here inadequate waste water management, or us of wood for cooking stoves. ....it was a very frustrating first field visit for me.
- What climate change means for Santos and other coffee farmers in Honduras - we can see on this map. A projection of areas suitable for coffee growing - yellow shows regions that can be saved if concrete climate adaptation strategies are implemented in the next few years. Green are regions that will likely continue to be suitable, however many regions are crossed out on the map - they are currently under forest/or under protection - so coffee production continues to be a push factor for deforestation. and red are regions that will most likely be lost for the coffee industry. By the way, internally we call these maps "our scary maps".
- But of course, many of you in the room might not be easily alarmed by any scary maps I show to you - but you might be alarmed by these figures and numbers: Roughly half of the land most suitable to growing coffee around the world will decrease over the next 30 years due to climate change Extreme and unpredictable weather has pushed historically predictable growing seasons and dry seasons into chaos. In 2021, Brazil saw frosts in July, and its dry season began earlier than usual that year resulting in Arabica yields 40% lower than the previous year – I was in Minas Gerias in October and we already could see flowering happening – an event that should happen in December. Scientists agree that we will not reach the 1,5°C target – by the end of our century, anything below 2°C is very optimistic - this 0,5°C more, will mean that the frequency of extreme events like hurricanes, will double…Maybe in 20 years we will not talk about sustainability anymore but just about risk management and the costs related. In 2020, Hurricanes Eta and Iota hit Central America, displacing hundreds of thousands of people and killing over 200. Additionally, more than 25,000 acres of coffee farmland were damaged or destroyed. Climate change is a further push factor for pest and disease outbreaks, only the coffee berry borer, an insect, causes the coffee industry an estimated $500 million in annual damages. After all that information, imagine if you were a teenager in a coffee region, do you think you would want to continue with coffee? Well….probably not… The average age of a coffee farmer in Central America is 58 ---------- There are 5 BIG ISSUES that are found to be the critical climate challenges in coffee: Loss of suitable area for coffee production and shifts to higher altitudes Increased water stress Poor flowering and cherry development due to rising temperatures and less distinct seasons Increased outbreaks of pests and diseases Increased vulnerability of smallholder and in particular women farmers
- I would like to show here another figure - the investment in sustainability in the coffee industry per year. Despite all the efforts and investments of the sector, coffee smallholder families have never been so vulnerable to external shocks - we had Covid, we have the consequences of the current Ukraine war and the impacts of climate change are becoming more drastic every year.... (Taking a closer look at this figure explains that at least 50% of this funding is generated through premiums for certified coffee. Around 20% is direct investment of the private sector, which matches an equivalent of 20% foreign donor funding. Another 10% is available from undefined sources of funding)
- Out of this knowledge - the initiative for coffee&climate was founded in 2010 as an open pre-competitive partnership of coffee companies and development organizations with the objective to provide coffee smallholder families around the world with the tools and knowledge to adapt their production systems to the impacts of climate change. Our members from the private sector cooperate together within coffee&climate and contribute their know-how for a continuous development of relevant climate knowledge for the coffee sector. We need to know for each specific location what are the best climate adaptation and mitigation strategies and practices. For that, the core element of our work is our coffee&climate approach, which represents a systematic approach by not providing a single set of answers, but instead information, concepts and tools to support the development of locally appropriate climate adaptation and mitigation measures. The starting point is a participatory climate risk assessment together with the farmer community – we invite farmer families and ask how they perceive climate change, what are they observing? What solutions might be already in the field? And where are no solutions available? And then together with innovative farmers and local knowledge partners, for example research centers and universities, we establish trial plots to evaluate the identified solutions, including an economic assessment through Cost-Benefit Analysis – and those practices that have been evaluated successfully to solve a specific local problem are being made public so that other local stakeholders can make use of them. This includes best practices on: shade tree planting establishment of agroforestry systems and fostering of agroecological principles and practices improving water management in terms of infiltration and holding capacity enhancing soil fertility and soil life through applying soil conservation techniques (e.g., mulching and planting of cover crops, production and application of compost, bokashi, biochar) rejuvenation with improved disease resistant coffee varieties simple irrigation options use of clean energy use of organic fertilizers and bio-pesticides Diversification use of solar driers monitoring of climate data etc. As a next step, we establish a Community of Practice, it’s a roundtable of relevant local coffee actors, to meet and exchange an specific climate-related problems. -> So that at the end we bundle our limited resources and create efficiency-> so that more money is available to provide direct support to the farmer community.
- Established trial plots Local knowledge networks Boots on the ground
- Before I finish the presentation, I would like to tell you how the stories with Santos and Stella continued - and how they became true climate heroes. Santos and his family joined 2018 the coffee&climate program, received training on climate-smart practices that were suitable and affordable for his family They started with cover crops and steps by steps implemented the 5*1 system They started a honey business. In 2019 a weather station was even established on their farm, providing other farmers in the region with data as well Alexander, the son, joined in 2020 a training to become a Climate Pioneer, now he is providing training on climate coping strategies to other farmers in the region.
- Coffee arabica occurs naturally in the understory of the montane rainforests of Ethiopia. Coffee being a forest species of low strata and of abundance system, the conduction of full sun monoculture induces coffee to behave as a high strata species This triggers physiological stress in the plant, premature aging, and higher sensitivity to attacks from pests and diseases. In that way, coffee monoculture creates systems of accumulation where the proper conditions of fertility, microclimate and biodiversity needed by coffee plants are not present anymore. -> therefore the need for agrochemicals So what can be done? -> there exist the approach of conservation agriculture – like introducing cover crops -> Analog Forestry – a restoration approach, looking for a balance between preservation of primary forest and economic benefits – however the focus is less on production related to a specific crop, like coffee And there is the Dynamic Agroforestry, an approach that accelerates the succession processes through active intervention such as pruning and thinning and puts the production of agricultural products in the foreground –cash crops but also food crops-> Therefore, the management in DAF is oriented to the optimal management in function of the crops we want to grow. Within these processes, each species occupies, for a certain period of time, a given space in which it contributes with its particular capacity to improve and to optimize the conditions of the production system.
- As time passes each species - by performing its functions- creates the necessary conditions for the development of another (more demanding) species ensuring that the energy, water and nutrient dynamics are maintained. Successional agroforestry systems are pretending to mimic the dynamic of natural forest systems due to the high diversity and density of species composition and constant maintenance of a high dynamic and energy flow What makes the DAF approach also different to analog forestry-> it uses cutting of plants to keep them in a youthful state and thus promote biomass production.
- c&c tools have shifted the focus at farm level to cover diverse topics, at the beginning it was only focused on coffee production, now we have been able to include more topics and continue promoting innovations: Farming as a family business Meteorological equipment Grafting Using smart phone devices Gypsum Solar Dryers – Reduce emissions Diversification Efficient cookstoves
- c&c, the “go-to knowledge hub” for effectively addressing climate change in the coffee sector. Continues identification and validation of practices and technologies for adaptation and mitigation. Towards climate-resilient carbon-positive production systems. Dissemination via the c&c toolbox in and outside of c&c focus countries. Use of c&c experiences in member projects and supply chain operations, and beyond. Pre-competitive partnership with at least 10 new private sector members. Cooperation with Sida and at least one further development organization. Platform for facilitating cooperation between c&c members in joint projects; support in fundraising.