Introduction à l'énergie solaire photovoltaïque

1. L'énergie solaire Un avenir brillant pour l'énergie solaire Notes de cours Formation continue pour ingénieurs www.ipolytek.com Par: Marianne Salama, ing., MBA

2. Droit d'auteur Sauf mention contraire, cette publication et le contenu de la présente publication sont la propriété de Formation iPolytek inc. (iPolytek) et sont soumis au droit d'auteur d’iPolytek. Les éléments de cette publication peuvent être librement utilisés, partagés, copiés, reproduits, imprimés et/ou stockés, pour un usage non commercial, à condition que tous les éléments de ce type soient clairement attribués à iPolytek et portent une mention de droit d’auteur (© iPolytek) avec l'année de publication. Les informations contenues dans cette publication et attribuées à des tiers peuvent être soumises au droit d'auteur de ceux-ci et à des conditions d'utilisation et restrictions distinctes, y compris les autorisations/restrictions liées à toute utilisation commerciale. Veuillez consulter la liste de références à la fin de ce document pour des liens vers des sources tierces. Cette publication doit être citée comme suit : iPolytek (2020), L’énergie solaire (2h) Formation pour ingénieurs, www.ipolytek.com. Pour toute demande, contactez-nous à support@ipolytek.com. Formation continue pour ingénieurs L'énergie solaire (2h) Section 1 Formation iPolytek inc. www.ipolytek.com 1

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14. Formation continue pour ingénieurs L'énergie solaire (2h) Section 1 Formation iPolytek inc. www.ipolytek.com 11

38. References : (In order of appearance from reference 10 onwards) 1. Bouchra Bakhiyi and Joseph Zayed (2011). Photovoltaic Conversion: Outlook at the Crossroads Between Technological Challenges and Eco- Strategic Issues, Sustainable Growth and Applications in Renewable Energy Sources, Dr. Majid Nayeripour (Ed.), InTech, DOI: 105,772/26335. 2. Chatzivasileiadi, Aikaterini. Characteristics of electrical energy storage technologies and their applications in buildings. https://orca.cf.ac.uk/47251/1/Chatzivasileiadi%20et%20al.pdf (Accessed April 7, 2017) 3. Environment Canada, in partnership with Natural Resources Canada’s CanmetENERGY (2010). Assessment of the Environmental Performance of Solar Photovoltaic Technologies A report funded under the Clean Energy Fund. https://www.ec.gc.ca/scitech/B53B14DE-034C-457B-8B2B- 9AFCFED04E6/ForContractor_721_Solar_Photovoltaic_Technology_e_09%20FINAL-update%202-s.pdf. (Accessed March 10, 2017) 4. Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy Systems, (Fraunhofer ISE). Report, https://www.ise.fraunhofer.de/content/dam/ise/de/… /Photovoltaics- Report.pdf (accessed March 10, 2017) 5. Gevorkian, Peter. Solar Power in Building Design, The Engineer’s Complete Design Resource. McGraw-Hill: 2008. Web. 11 Mar. 2011. Retrieved from: library.uniteddiversity.coop/Ecological_Building/Solar_Power_in_Building_Design.pdf 6. International Energy Agency, (IEA 2015). Key World Energy Trends, Excerpt from World Energy Balances, https://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/… /KeyWorldEnergyTrends. pdf (accessed March 10, 2017) 7. International Energy Agency, (IEA). (2015b). Life Cycle Inventories and Life Cycle Assessments of Photovoltaic Systems, http://www.clca.columbia.edu/Task12_LCI_LCA_10_21_Final_Report.pdf. (Accessed March 10, 2017) 8. International Renewable Energy Agency and International Energy Agency Photovoltaic Power System Programme (IRENA and IEA-PVPS). (2016). http://www.irena.org/DocumentDownloads/Publications/IRENA_IEAPVPS_End-of-Life_Solar_PV_Panels_2016.pdf (Accessed March 10, 2017) 9. International Renewable Energy Agency, (IRENA). (2016a). Letting in the Light: How solar PV will revolutionise the electricity system, https://www.irena.org/DocumentDownloads/Publications/IRENA_Letting_in_the_Light_2016.pdf (accessed March 10, 2017)

39. 10. International Renewable Energy Agency, (IRENA). (2016b). The Power to Change: Solar and Wind Cost Reduction Potential to 2025, http://www.irena.org/DocumentDownloads/Publications/IRENA_Power_to_Change_2016.pdf (accessed March 10, 2017) 11. International Renewable Energy Agency, (IRENA). (2018). Renewable Power Generation Costs in 2017, International Renewable Energy Agency, Abu Dhabi http://www.irena.org/publications/2018/Jan/Renewable-power-generation-costs-in-2017 (accessed July 25, 2018) 12. Renewable and Appropriate Energy Laboratory, (RAEL). (2011). An Assessment of Environmental Impacts of Concentrator Photovoltaics and Modeling of Concentrator Photovoltaic Deployment using the SWITCH Model, http://cpvconsortium.org/pdfs/press_releases/CPV_Environmental%20Report_07-09- 11.pdf (accessed March 10, 2017) 13. Renewable Energy Policy Network for the 21st Century, (REN21). (2017). Renewables 2017 Global Status Report, http://www.ren21.net/status-of-renewables/global-status-reportrenewables-2017-global-status-report/ (accessed July 6, 2018) 14. World Energy Council, (WEC). (2013). World Energy Perspective Cost of Energy Technologies. https://www.worldenergy.org/wp- content/uploads/2013/09/WEC_J1143_CostofTECHNOLOGIES_021013_WEB_Final.pdf. (Accessed April 7, 2017) 15. VASILISM. FTHENAKIS, HYUNGCHULKIM, ANDERIKALSEMA. (2008). Emissions from Photovoltaic Life, Cycles. Environmental Science & Technology, Vol. 42, No. 6, 008. http://www.firstsolar.com/-/media/First-Solar/Sustainability-Documents/Sustainability- Studies/Emissions_from_PV_Lifecycle_NA_WB.ashx (Accessed March 10, 2017) 16. NASA illustration by Robert Simmon. Astronaut photograph ISS013-E-8948, Retrieved from web: https://www.earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Features/EnergyBalance/page4.php. Traduction par iPolytek. 17. Solargis. © 2017 The World Bank, Solar resource data: Solargis. https://solargis.com/maps-and-gis-data/download/world (Accessed November 5, 2017) 18. GHI Solar Map © 2017 Solargis, License CC-BY-SA. Retrieved from: http://solargis.com/products/maps-and-gis-data/free/download/world. Traduction par iPolytek.

40. 19. OECD/IEA 2016 Key World Energy Trends Excerpt from World Energy Balances, IEA Publishing,. Licence: www.iea.org/t& ftp://ftp.energia.bme.hu/pub/energetikai_alapismeretek/KeyWorldEnergyTrends.pdf (accessed March 10, 2017) 20. Land Art Generator (2009). TOTAL SURFACE AREA REQUIRED TO FUEL THE WORLD WITH SOLAR http://landartgenerator.org/blagi/archives/127 (accessed April 5, 2017) 21. Perez, R. and M. Perez, (2015). (IEA 2015). A Fundamental Look At Supply Side Energy Reserves For The Planet. Retrieved from https://www.iea- shc.org/data/sites/1/publications/2015-11-A-Fundamental-Look-at-Supply-Side-Energy-Reserves-for-the-Planet.pdf (accessed March 15, 2017) - END Section 1 - 22. Rfassbind—Own work., Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=34961018. Traduction par iPolytek. 23. J.M.K.C. Donev et al. (2018). Energy Education - Doping [Online]. Available: https://energyeducation.ca/encyclopedia/Doping#cite_note-a-3. [Accessed: July 4, 2018]. 24. Énergie+, Architecture et Climat, Faculté d'architecture, d'ingénierie architecturale, d'urbanisme (LOCI), Université catholique de Louvain (Belgique), réalisé avec le soutien de la Wallonie - DGO4. Disponible sur : https://www.energieplus-lesite.be. © Architecture et Climat - Faculté d'architecture, d'ingénierie architecturale, d'urbanisme (LOCI) – Université catholique de Louvain (Belgique)./index.php?id=16597. Available : https://www.energieplus-lesite.be/index.php?id=16679&L=0#c20935933+c20753 (Accessed July 4, 2018). 25. Physics Stack Exchange. https://physics.stackexchange.com/questions/52375/pn-junction-depletion-region (figure, accessed 15 July 2018). 26. Salama, M. Inspired by Eco2solar, http://eco2solar.co.uk/images/How-does-Solar-PV-work.jpg 27. GianniG46—Own work, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=34898334. (Accessed 5 May 2017) 28. Electrons and Holes in Semiconductors (EECS at UC Berkeley). https://people.eecs.berkeley.edu/~hu/Chenming-Hu_ch1.pdf. (Accessed July 2, 2018). 29. Yann (2015). Panneau photovoltaïque : Caractéristiques. http://www.dekloo.net/projets/photovoltaique-autoconsommation/caracteristiques- panneau-photovoltaique/689. (Accessed July 16, 2018)

41. 30. Alternative Energy Tutorials. Solar Cell I-V Characteristic and the Solar Cell I-V Curve. http://www.alternative-energy-tutorials.com/energy- articles/solar-cell-i-v-characteristic.html. (Accessed 19 July 2018) 31. Architecture et Climat - Faculté d'architecture, d'ingénierie architecturale, d'urbanisme (LOCI b) – Université catholique de Louvain (Belgique)., https://www.energieplus-lesite.be/index.php?id=16697#c20557+c20556 (accessed 19 July 2018). 32. Salama, M. Inspired by PVEducation. https://www.pveducation.org/pvcdrom/characterisation/measurement-of-solar-cell-efficiency (Accessed July 4, 2018). 33. Solar Direct. Solar Electric System Sizing, Step 4 - Determine the Sun Hours Available Per Day . http://www.solardirect.com/pv/systems/gts/gts- sizing-sun-hours.html (Accessed 10 July 2018). 34. PVWatts. National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL). PVWatts Version 5 Manual. https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy14osti/62641.pdf. (Accessed 15 July 2018). 35. LWD. http://www.lwd.com/solar/deratingfactors.htm. (Accessed 15 July 2018). 36. Canadian Solar. CS6K- 285| 290| 295 P, HIGH EFFICIENCY POLY MODULE. https://www.canadiansolar.com/fileadmin/user_upload/downloads/datasheets/en/new/Canadian_Solar-Datasheet-CS6K- P_High_Efficiency_en.pdf. (Accessed 22 July 2018). 37. PV Education (2). Nominal Operating Cell Temperature . https://www.pveducation.org/pvcdrom/modules/nominal-operating-cell-temperature. (Accessed 23 July 2018). 38. Klaus Mueller [CC BY-SA 3.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0)], via Wikimedia Commons 39. Microchemicals. Silicon Ingot Production: Czochralski- and Float-Zone Technique. https://www.microchemicals.com/products/wafers/silicon_ingot_production.html (Accessed 23 July 2018) 40. Jedelbrock [CC BY-SA 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0)], from Wikimedia Commons. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Directional_Solidification.png. (Accessed 25 July 2018). 41. PVeduction (3). Multi Crystalline Silicon. https://www.pveducation.org/es/pvcdrom/manufacturing/multi-crystalline-silicon (Accessed 25 July 2018).

42. 42. Fieldsken Ken Fields [CC BY-SA 3.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0) or GFDL (http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/fdl.html. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Thin_Film_Flexible_Solar_PV_Ken_Fields_1.JPG (Accessed June 3 2017). 43. Material District. https://materialdistrict.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/innovation-thin-film-solar-cells-at-mx2016-01.jpeg. (Accessed July 16, 2018). 44. MHM55 [CC BY-SA 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0)], from Wikimedia Commons. https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/27/SwissTech_Convention_Centre_Campus_02.jpg. (Accessed July 16, 2018). 45. Rob Lavinsky, iRocks.com – CC-BY-SA-3.0, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=10146594. (Accessed July 17, 2018). 46. Christopher Eames et al. — http://www.nature.com/ncomms/2015/150624/ncomms8497/full/ncomms8497.html, CC BY 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=45080319. (Accessed July 17, 2018). 47. Saule Technologies. Saule Announces Breakthrough in Flexible, Perovskite Solar Cells Development. https://www.printedelectronicsnow.com/contents/view_breaking-news/2017-09-15/saule-announces-breakthrough-in-flexible-perovskite-solar- cells-development/. (Accessed July 17, 2018). 48. TU Delft OpenCourseWare. Losses and Efficiency Limits. https://ocw.tudelft.nl/wp-content/uploads/solar_energy_section_10_1_10_2.pdf. (Accessed 22 July 2018). 49. WIREs Energy Environ 2016, 5:543–569. doi: 10.1002/wene.204. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/wene.204. (Accessed 22 July 2018.) 50. Ncouniot - Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy Systems, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=8980251. (Accessed 23 July 2018.) 51. Natalya V. Yastrebova, Centre for Research in Photonics, University of Ottawa, April 2007. High-efficiency multi-junction solar cells: Current status and future potential. http://sunlab.eecs.uottawa.ca/wp-content/uploads/2014/pdf/HiEfficMjSc-CurrStatusFuturePotential.pdf. (Accessed 23 Aug 2018). 52. Solarpedia. http://fr.solarpedia.net/wiki/index.php?title=Fichier:Syst%C3%A8me_MCPV.png#file . (Accessed 23 July 2018.) 53. Grumerr434. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:QD_S.jpg. (Accessed 23 July 2018.) - END Section 2 -

43. 54. International Renewable Energy Agency, (IRENA). (2016b). The Power to Change: Solar and Wind Cost Reduction Potential to 2025, http://www.irena.org/DocumentDownloads/Publications/IRENA_Power_to_Change_2016.pdf (accessed March 10, 2017) 55. International Renewable Energy Agency, (IRENA). (2018). Renewable Power Generation Costs in 2017, International Renewable Energy Agency, Abu Dhabi http://www.irena.org/publications/2018/Jan/Renewable-power-generation-costs-in-2017 (accessed July 25, 2018) 56. Office national de l'énergie (ONE). Adoption des sources d’énergie renouvelable au Canada – Analyse des marchés de l’énergie. https://www.neb-one.gc.ca/nrg/sttstc/lctrct/rprt/2017cnddptnrnwblpwr/cststrdffs-fra.html. (Accessed 25 July 2018). 57. U.S. Energy Information Administration. (EIA 2018). Levelized Cost and Levelized Avoided Cost of New Generation Resources. https://www.eia.gov/outlooks/aeo/pdf/electricity_generation.pdf. (Accessed 25 July 2018). 58. National Renewable Energy Laboratory New Release. (NREL 2013). News Release: NREL Report Firms Up Land-Use Requirements of Solar. https://www.nrel.gov/news/press/2013/2269.html (Accessed 16 Sept 2018). - END Section 3 -

44. L' nergie solaire La structure de la cellule solaire L'effet photovoltaïque Les efficiences des cellules solaires Le dimensionnement d'un syst me PV Notes de cours Formation continue pour ingénieurs www.ipolytek.com Par : Marianne Salama, ing., MBA

45. Droit d'auteur Sauf mention contraire, cette publication et le contenu de la présente publication sont la propriété de Formation iPolytek inc. (iPolytek) et sont soumis au droit d'auteur d’iPolytek. Les éléments de cette publication peuvent être librement utilisés, partagés, copiés, reproduits, imprimés et/ou stockés, pour un usage non commercial, à condition que tous les éléments de ce type soient clairement attribués à iPolytek et portent une mention de droit d’auteur (© iPolytek) avec l'année de publication. Les informations contenues dans cette publication et attribuées à des tiers peuvent être soumises au droit d'auteur de ceux-ci et à des conditions d'utilisation et restrictions distinctes, y compris les autorisations/restrictions liées à toute utilisation commerciale. Veuillez consulter la liste de références à la fin de ce document pour des liens vers des sources tierces. Cette publication doit être citée comme suit : iPolytek (2020), L’énergie solaire (2h) Formation pour ingénieurs, www.ipolytek.com. Pour toute demande, contactez-nous à support@ipolytek.com.

146. L'énergie solaire Le coût des centrales solaires photovoltaïques Notes de cours Formation continue pour ingénieurs www.ipolytek.com By: Marianne Salama, ing., MBA

184. L'énergie solaire L'énergie solaire photovoltaïque en bref Notes de cours Formation continue pour ingénieurs www.ipolytek.com Par : Marianne Salama, ing., MBA

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