Impact de la Covid-19 sur la contribution des femmes à la sécurité alimentaire et nutritionnelle, Fatou Mbaye, Experte en protection sociale etPoint Focal Genre, FAO
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WEBINAIRE: COVID-19 et quotidien des femmes : Etat des lieux au Sénégal
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Impact de la Covid-19 sur la contribution des femmes à la sécurité alimentaire et nutritionnelle, Fatou Mbaye, Experte en protection sociale etPoint Focal Genre, FAO
- 1. Impact de la Covid-19 sur la contribution des femmes à la sécurité alimentaire et nutritionnelle Webinaire: « COVID 19 et quotidien des femmes: Etats des lieux au Sénégal » Jeudi 3 Septembre 2020 Fatou Mbaye
- 2. Contexte La pandémie COVID-19 sévit un peu partout dans le monde et de nombreux pays adoptent des mesures pour contrôler la propagation du virus. Elle est bien plus qu'une crise sanitaire : elle touche les individus, les sociétés et les économies au cœur même de leur existence (United Nations, 2020a). Aspects sanitaires de la pandémie n’ont pas affecté autant les zones rurales que les centres urbains, les mesures de confinement posent de nouveaux défis aux femmes rurales notamment en ce qui concerne leur rôle dans le maintien de la sécurité alimentaire des ménages, en tant que producteurs agricoles, transformatrices, commerçants, travailleurs salariés et entrepreneurs. L’expérience antérieure montre que les femmes rurales sont affectées de manière disproportionnées par les crises sanitaires et économiques (y compris, la sécurité alimentaire et la nutrition, la pauvreté temporelle, l’accès aux établissements de santé, aux services et aux possibilités économiques, et la violence basée sur le genre.
- 3. Contribution des femmes dans le secteur agricole et la sécurité alimentaire • Les femmes constituent une part considérable de la main d’œuvre agricole et produisent la plupart des aliments consommés localement ( FAO). La FAO estime que les femmes produisent 60 à 80% des aliments de consommation familiale dans la plupart des pays en développement et sont responsables de la moitié de la production alimentaire mondiale • Au Sénégal, l’agriculture reste l’un des principaux moteurs de l’économie et un levier en faveur de la croissance inclusive, de la sécurité alimentaire, de l’emploi et de la réduction de la pauvreté. Ce secteur emploie 77% de la population active, soit plus de 60% de la population, et 60% des personnes travaillant dans le secteur agricole sont des femmes (FIDA, 2019).
- 4. Impact de la pandémie sur les activités économiques (agricoles et agroalimentaires) des femmes et la sécurité alimentaire des ménages • Impact négatif et différencié selon le sexe sur toutes les dimensions de la sécurité alimentaire et de la nutrition, à travers une réduction des capacités de production et de distribution des aliments, une diminution du pouvoir d’achat et une diminution de l’accès aux aliments nutritifs (CFS, 2020). • Réduction des possibilités économiques, d’emploi et d’accès aux marchés pour les agricultrices, les productrices et les entrepreneurs • Perturbation de la production alimentaire et agricole, en particulier dans les petites exploitations agricoles, principalement des femmes. • Faible pouvoir de décision et voix, y compris dans la réponse COVID-19 • Les femmes rurales sont touchées de manière disproportionnée tant dans leur rôle productif que dans leur rôle reproductif et leurs fonctions de soins, en raison de leur accès limité aux ressources productives, aux services et à l'information.
- 5. Impact de la pandémie sur les activités économiques (agricoles et agroalimentaires) des femmes et la sécurité alimentaire des ménages (suite) • Les impacts sur les systèmes alimentaires, la sécurité alimentaire et la nutrition sont également influencés par le genre. La pandémie COVID-19 a affecté l'offre et la demande de denrées alimentaires et a réduit le pouvoir d'achat des ménages ruraux et la capacité, en particulier des agricultrices, à produire et à commercialiser leurs produits (FAO 2020). • L’analyse rapide de l ’impact de la COVID-19 sur les femmes et les filles au Sénégal par ONUFEMMES a donné quelques éléments d’appréciation: • L’Union des Femmes Chefs d’Entreprise du Sénégal signale une réduction de 60 % de l’activité de transformation agricole. • Le Réseau des femmes agricultrices du Nord signale une réduction de 40 % de la production pendant les 3 premiers mois de la crise.
- 6. Des efforts considérables consentis par le Gouvernement Quelques recommandations stratégiques visant à atténuer les impacts de la pandémie sur les femmes agricultrices Concevoir et mettre en œuvre des interventions de protection sociale sensibles au genre pour assurer la participation effective des femmes rurales. 1 Assurer un accès équitable des femmes et des hommes aux ressources productives, aux intrants et aux services pour les prochaines saisons de production. 2 Adopter des mesures spéciales pour soutenir les activités économiques des femmes rurales dans les chaînes de valeur agroalimentaires. 3 Investir dans le leadership des femmes et soutenir leurs réseaux formels et informels pour contribuer à la réponse COVID-19. 4 Assurer la disponibilité des données et des analyses ventilées par sexe et par âge
- 7. Rôle de la FAO: Accompagnement du Gouvernement dans la mise en œuvre du Programme de Résilience Economique et Sociale et du Programme de Relance de l’Economie Nationale Appuyer la conception de mesures politiques adaptées à l’égalité des sexes dans la réponse COVID-19 qui répondent aux besoins des femmes et des hommes des zones rurales; Recueillir des données qualitatives et quantitatives ventilées par sexe pour évaluer l’impact sexospécifique de la COVID-19 et les mesures visant à les contenir pour éclairer les futures interventions stratégiques; Intégrer l’égalité des sexes dans les stratégies et les plans de relance, en prêtant attention aux travailleurs informels et aux inégalités de genre dans l’agriculture et les secteurs ruraux; Concevoir des réponses à long terme qui soutiennent les hommes et les femmes agriculteurs en améliorant l’accès et le contrôle équitables des ressources productives, des intrants et des services ruraux …….
- 8. Réponses de la FAO au Sénégal • Plan de Réponse COVID-19 1. Sauver des vies en stoppant la propagation de la maladie 2. Soutenir les moyens de subsistance des producteurs affectés par la crise du COVID-19 3. Soutenir les filières agricoles, pastorales et halieutiques face aux contraintes engendrées par la pandémie du COVID-19 4. Réduire les risques et améliorer les systèmes d’alerte précoce 5. Renforcer la coordination pour une réponse améliorée: mise en synergie des études, analyses d’impact et recherches sur la sécurité alimentaire et nutritionnelle des populations en rapport avec la crise sanitaire Un cas pratique: Initiative Panier de la ménagère: une action conjointe de la FAO, ONUFEMMES et FNUAP en partenariat avec le Ministère de l’Agriculture et de l’Equipement Rural et le Ministère de la Femme de la Famille, du Genre et de la Protection des Enfants. Elle a pour objectif de renforcer la résilience des populations vulnérables, notamment des enfants, des femmes et des jeunes au travers d’un programme d’environ 450 millions de francs CFA visant à renforcer les systèmes alimentaires.
- 9. Merci! Pour plus d’informations, visiter le site de la FAO http://www.fao.org
Notes de l'éditeur
- Women are taking the lead to organize responses. Women are finding ways to share information as well as making and selling masks and soap to curb the spread of COVID-19. VSLA members are changing their group methodology to allow for social distancing and to support hygiene while maintaining solidarity and safety nets. Women are suffering from more gender based violence due to general social stress combined with the increasing tensions surrounding having the family constantly at home, on top of limited access to food and basic supplies. The informal social safety nets and networks many women previously relied on for support are now weakened due to reduced physical mobility and social distancing. People are already losing access to basic needs like food and soap. Many families are also reducing the number of meals they eat. As the agricultural season begins producers and farmers are already severely economically affected by the crisis and have difficulties in accessing quality seeds and fertilizers. 30.5% of West Africa’s economy is devoted to agriculture which is the largest source of income and livelihood for 70-80% of the population, mainly women who are on the frontline. Another concern raised by many households is food and nutritional security due to restrictive governmental measures. This usually consists of reducing the number of meals per day which is a risk on the nutritional health and immunity. Women in particular are at risk especially if they are breastfeeding or pregnant. Even though women are the ones to prepare food they are the last to eat and only eat what will remain.
- Women are taking the lead to organize responses. Women are finding ways to share information as well as making and selling masks and soap to curb the spread of COVID-19. VSLA members are changing their group methodology to allow for social distancing and to support hygiene while maintaining solidarity and safety nets. Women are suffering from more gender based violence due to general social stress combined with the increasing tensions surrounding having the family constantly at home, on top of limited access to food and basic supplies. The informal social safety nets and networks many women previously relied on for support are now weakened due to reduced physical mobility and social distancing. People are already losing access to basic needs like food and soap. Many families are also reducing the number of meals they eat. As the agricultural season begins producers and farmers are already severely economically affected by the crisis and have difficulties in accessing quality seeds and fertilizers. 30.5% of West Africa’s economy is devoted to agriculture which is the largest source of income and livelihood for 70-80% of the population, mainly women who are on the frontline. Another concern raised by many households is food and nutritional security due to restrictive governmental measures. This usually consists of reducing the number of meals per day which is a risk on the nutritional health and immunity. Women in particular are at risk especially if they are breastfeeding or pregnant. Even though women are the ones to prepare food they are the last to eat and only eat what will remain.
- Women are taking the lead to organize responses. Women are finding ways to share information as well as making and selling masks and soap to curb the spread of COVID-19. VSLA members are changing their group methodology to allow for social distancing and to support hygiene while maintaining solidarity and safety nets. Women are suffering from more gender based violence due to general social stress combined with the increasing tensions surrounding having the family constantly at home, on top of limited access to food and basic supplies. The informal social safety nets and networks many women previously relied on for support are now weakened due to reduced physical mobility and social distancing. People are already losing access to basic needs like food and soap. Many families are also reducing the number of meals they eat. As the agricultural season begins producers and farmers are already severely economically affected by the crisis and have difficulties in accessing quality seeds and fertilizers. 30.5% of West Africa’s economy is devoted to agriculture which is the largest source of income and livelihood for 70-80% of the population, mainly women who are on the frontline. Another concern raised by many households is food and nutritional security due to restrictive governmental measures. This usually consists of reducing the number of meals per day which is a risk on the nutritional health and immunity. Women in particular are at risk especially if they are breastfeeding or pregnant. Even though women are the ones to prepare food they are the last to eat and only eat what will remain.
- Women are taking the lead to organize responses. Women are finding ways to share information as well as making and selling masks and soap to curb the spread of COVID-19. VSLA members are changing their group methodology to allow for social distancing and to support hygiene while maintaining solidarity and safety nets. Women are suffering from more gender based violence due to general social stress combined with the increasing tensions surrounding having the family constantly at home, on top of limited access to food and basic supplies. The informal social safety nets and networks many women previously relied on for support are now weakened due to reduced physical mobility and social distancing. People are already losing access to basic needs like food and soap. Many families are also reducing the number of meals they eat. As the agricultural season begins producers and farmers are already severely economically affected by the crisis and have difficulties in accessing quality seeds and fertilizers. 30.5% of West Africa’s economy is devoted to agriculture which is the largest source of income and livelihood for 70-80% of the population, mainly women who are on the frontline. Another concern raised by many households is food and nutritional security due to restrictive governmental measures. This usually consists of reducing the number of meals per day which is a risk on the nutritional health and immunity. Women in particular are at risk especially if they are breastfeeding or pregnant. Even though women are the ones to prepare food they are the last to eat and only eat what will remain.
- 1. Ensure availability of sex- and age-disaggregated data and analysis for monitoring gender-related impacts - Collect sex-disaggregated data and evidence to assess the gendered impact of lockdowns on rural women and men in order to design differentiated preventive and response measures and develop robust gender-sensitive monitoring and reporting frameworks. - Conduct gender analysis and mainstream gender in ongoing vulnerability assessments and rapid/fast track interventions to take into account the roles and responsibilities of men and women and their specific constraints and opportunities. - Assess women’s access to and benefit from social protection, emergency support and other policy instruments used for responding to the pandemic. 2. Design and implement gender-sensitive social protection interventions to ensure that rural women can participate in and benefit from the interventions equally. - Conduct gender and vulnerability analyses to assess socio-economic, health, disability and life-cycle risks to identify and prioritize the most vulnerable women and girls. - Set up or strengthen social assistance programmes consisting of in-kind assistance and cash transfers targeted at vulnerable women and girls. Relaxing conditions for social assistance programmes can address constraints linked to the greater care responsibilities and more-limited mobility of women. - Distribute food packages with adequate quantity and nutritional quality and/or use cash transfers to avoid reductions in food intake or switching to less-nutritious foods. - Provide information on available social assistance programmes, hygiene, food safety and nutrition and healthy diets using various communication channels; tailor the messages to different target audiences (including illiterate women). 3. Support the productive capacity of men and women farmers by ensuring equitable access to productive resources, inputs and services for the next production season. - Set up social protection measures to promote productive investments, including agricultural inputs and cash transfers and “cash plus” programmes to help women farmers to recover from the crisis brought on by the COVID-19 pandemic and to prepare for production in the following seasons. - Design and put in place long-term responses to enhance men and women farmers’ access to and control over productive resources, inputs, rural services, producer organizations and collective action. - Establish innovative homestead food production programmes that will equip rural women and men with the knowledge and resources needed to produce and consume nutritious foods. Adopt measures to provide targeted support to rural women with disabilities to allow them to continue generating income and a livelihood. 4. Adopt special measures to support rural women’s economic activities in the agri-food value chains • Put in place financial services support mechanisms targeting rural women’s economic activities as producers, processors, traders and entrepreneurs. - Grant lower interest rates to economic activities in which women are over-represented and/or put in place relief funds and credit lines targeting women’s economic activities. - Provide support to savings and loan mechanisms to which women have preferential access, such as village savings and loans associations and cooperatives, self-help groups and women’s investment clubs, by including these mechanisms in financial policies aimed at providing relief from repayments by freezing interest payments. - Facilitate women’s access to credit by relaxing or expanding acceptable collateral regimes (to include, for example, inventory, crops and livestock, jewellery, equipment) and group-lending schemes to respond to women’s constraints and lack of collateral such as land and other household assets (FAO, 2018d). • Facilitate men and women smallholders’ access to markets by addressing mobility constraints, transportation restrictions and market disruptions. - Enhance women’s access to markets through innovations such as mobile farm gate markets and/or electronic transaction systems to manage orders and sales of local products and public purchases of products. - Prioritize informal and microenterprises, which are mainly managed by women, in the relief response by ensuring their access to loans, and training and market linkages. - Strengthen women-run businesses in value chains that link rural and peri-urban and urban areas by establishing gender-sensitive business-development service centres close to the communities and villages; these should offer a wide portfolio of services tailored to women’s specific needs. • Adopt measures for protecting and supporting women’s income-generating opportunities and labour-market participation that prioritize informal, part-time and seasonal workers. - Expand the job categories in public works programmes to include community-based care or home-based care of young children or sick household members, this can benefit rural women with care responsibilities and alleviate the burden on unpaid family caregivers. - Provide temporary employment and/or cash transfers to enhance the capacity of rural women to manage risk; this will contribute to safeguarding their welfare and productive assets and avoid harmful coping strategies, such as selling off assets and reducing food intake. - Put in place public work programmes that require minimum quotas for women’s participation, provide transportation, childcare and separate toilet facilities and offer flexible working hours. - Adopt measures to prevent pregnant and lactating women being exposed to risk (e.g. flexible schedules to avoid the most crowded hours on public transport) and ensure the provision of sexual and reproductive health services (e.g. maternal health). 5. Adopt programmatic and policy-oriented measures to address gender-based violence - Collect sex- and age-disaggregated data and conduct vulnerability assessments to identify the most vulnerable men and women, boys and girls, with particular attention to people with disabilities, internally displaced persons, migrants and refugees, to inform the design of differentiated protection and mitigation strategies and livelihood rehabilitation programmes. - Raise awareness of existing and potential protection risks and strengthen the capacity of local partners and affected populations to identify and address these. - Adopt the “do no harm” principle to prevent or minimize unintended negative effects that can increase people’s vulnerability to physical and psychosocial risks, and prioritize risk mitigation strategies. 6. Invest in women’s leadership and support their formal and informal networks to contribute to the COVID-19 response • Engage with rural women and their organizations in the design and implementation of response strategies to ensure that their needs are considered: - Establish quotas and targets for women’s participation and leadership in national and local-level committees and task forces organizing response to the pandemic to ensure that women’s voices are heard and that they can influence decision-making processes. - Enhance women’s leadership skills and self-confidence to ensure their effective participation as decision makers at different levels. - Raise awareness within institutions working on the COVID-19 response about the importance of addressing gender equality in the response policies and programmes and strengthen their capacity to respond appropriately. • Engage with international, national and local civil society and non-governmental organizations and self-help groups to ensure a strong focus on gender equality in the COVID-19 response. - Leverage the presence of producers’ organizations, cooperatives, self-help groups, farmers’ associations and rural women’s organizations to facilitate the delivery of key government responses to the COVID-19 pandemic. For example, self-help groups can support delivery of cash transfers to ensure that women are not left out of the programmes.
- Women are taking the lead to organize responses. Women are finding ways to share information as well as making and selling masks and soap to curb the spread of COVID-19. VSLA members are changing their group methodology to allow for social distancing and to support hygiene while maintaining solidarity and safety nets. Women are suffering from more gender based violence due to general social stress combined with the increasing tensions surrounding having the family constantly at home, on top of limited access to food and basic supplies. The informal social safety nets and networks many women previously relied on for support are now weakened due to reduced physical mobility and social distancing. People are already losing access to basic needs like food and soap. Many families are also reducing the number of meals they eat. As the agricultural season begins producers and farmers are already severely economically affected by the crisis and have difficulties in accessing quality seeds and fertilizers. 30.5% of West Africa’s economy is devoted to agriculture which is the largest source of income and livelihood for 70-80% of the population, mainly women who are on the frontline. Another concern raised by many households is food and nutritional security due to restrictive governmental measures. This usually consists of reducing the number of meals per day which is a risk on the nutritional health and immunity. Women in particular are at risk especially if they are breastfeeding or pregnant. Even though women are the ones to prepare food they are the last to eat and only eat what will remain.
- 1. Ensure availability of sex- and age-disaggregated data and analysis for monitoring gender-related impacts - Collect sex-disaggregated data and evidence to assess the gendered impact of lockdowns on rural women and men in order to design differentiated preventive and response measures and develop robust gender-sensitive monitoring and reporting frameworks. - Conduct gender analysis and mainstream gender in ongoing vulnerability assessments and rapid/fast track interventions to take into account the roles and responsibilities of men and women and their specific constraints and opportunities. - Assess women’s access to and benefit from social protection, emergency support and other policy instruments used for responding to the pandemic. 2. Design and implement gender-sensitive social protection interventions to ensure that rural women can participate in and benefit from the interventions equally. - Conduct gender and vulnerability analyses to assess socio-economic, health, disability and life-cycle risks to identify and prioritize the most vulnerable women and girls. - Set up or strengthen social assistance programmes consisting of in-kind assistance and cash transfers targeted at vulnerable women and girls. Relaxing conditions for social assistance programmes can address constraints linked to the greater care responsibilities and more-limited mobility of women. - Distribute food packages with adequate quantity and nutritional quality and/or use cash transfers to avoid reductions in food intake or switching to less-nutritious foods. - Provide information on available social assistance programmes, hygiene, food safety and nutrition and healthy diets using various communication channels; tailor the messages to different target audiences (including illiterate women). 3. Support the productive capacity of men and women farmers by ensuring equitable access to productive resources, inputs and services for the next production season. - Set up social protection measures to promote productive investments, including agricultural inputs and cash transfers and “cash plus” programmes to help women farmers to recover from the crisis brought on by the COVID-19 pandemic and to prepare for production in the following seasons. - Design and put in place long-term responses to enhance men and women farmers’ access to and control over productive resources, inputs, rural services, producer organizations and collective action. - Establish innovative homestead food production programmes that will equip rural women and men with the knowledge and resources needed to produce and consume nutritious foods. Adopt measures to provide targeted support to rural women with disabilities to allow them to continue generating income and a livelihood. 4. Adopt special measures to support rural women’s economic activities in the agri-food value chains • Put in place financial services support mechanisms targeting rural women’s economic activities as producers, processors, traders and entrepreneurs. - Grant lower interest rates to economic activities in which women are over-represented and/or put in place relief funds and credit lines targeting women’s economic activities. - Provide support to savings and loan mechanisms to which women have preferential access, such as village savings and loans associations and cooperatives, self-help groups and women’s investment clubs, by including these mechanisms in financial policies aimed at providing relief from repayments by freezing interest payments. - Facilitate women’s access to credit by relaxing or expanding acceptable collateral regimes (to include, for example, inventory, crops and livestock, jewellery, equipment) and group-lending schemes to respond to women’s constraints and lack of collateral such as land and other household assets (FAO, 2018d). • Facilitate men and women smallholders’ access to markets by addressing mobility constraints, transportation restrictions and market disruptions. - Enhance women’s access to markets through innovations such as mobile farm gate markets and/or electronic transaction systems to manage orders and sales of local products and public purchases of products. - Prioritize informal and microenterprises, which are mainly managed by women, in the relief response by ensuring their access to loans, and training and market linkages. - Strengthen women-run businesses in value chains that link rural and peri-urban and urban areas by establishing gender-sensitive business-development service centres close to the communities and villages; these should offer a wide portfolio of services tailored to women’s specific needs. • Adopt measures for protecting and supporting women’s income-generating opportunities and labour-market participation that prioritize informal, part-time and seasonal workers. - Expand the job categories in public works programmes to include community-based care or home-based care of young children or sick household members, this can benefit rural women with care responsibilities and alleviate the burden on unpaid family caregivers. - Provide temporary employment and/or cash transfers to enhance the capacity of rural women to manage risk; this will contribute to safeguarding their welfare and productive assets and avoid harmful coping strategies, such as selling off assets and reducing food intake. - Put in place public work programmes that require minimum quotas for women’s participation, provide transportation, childcare and separate toilet facilities and offer flexible working hours. - Adopt measures to prevent pregnant and lactating women being exposed to risk (e.g. flexible schedules to avoid the most crowded hours on public transport) and ensure the provision of sexual and reproductive health services (e.g. maternal health). 5. Adopt programmatic and policy-oriented measures to address gender-based violence - Collect sex- and age-disaggregated data and conduct vulnerability assessments to identify the most vulnerable men and women, boys and girls, with particular attention to people with disabilities, internally displaced persons, migrants and refugees, to inform the design of differentiated protection and mitigation strategies and livelihood rehabilitation programmes. - Raise awareness of existing and potential protection risks and strengthen the capacity of local partners and affected populations to identify and address these. - Adopt the “do no harm” principle to prevent or minimize unintended negative effects that can increase people’s vulnerability to physical and psychosocial risks, and prioritize risk mitigation strategies. 6. Invest in women’s leadership and support their formal and informal networks to contribute to the COVID-19 response • Engage with rural women and their organizations in the design and implementation of response strategies to ensure that their needs are considered: - Establish quotas and targets for women’s participation and leadership in national and local-level committees and task forces organizing response to the pandemic to ensure that women’s voices are heard and that they can influence decision-making processes. - Enhance women’s leadership skills and self-confidence to ensure their effective participation as decision makers at different levels. - Raise awareness within institutions working on the COVID-19 response about the importance of addressing gender equality in the response policies and programmes and strengthen their capacity to respond appropriately. • Engage with international, national and local civil society and non-governmental organizations and self-help groups to ensure a strong focus on gender equality in the COVID-19 response. - Leverage the presence of producers’ organizations, cooperatives, self-help groups, farmers’ associations and rural women’s organizations to facilitate the delivery of key government responses to the COVID-19 pandemic. For example, self-help groups can support delivery of cash transfers to ensure that women are not left out of the programmes.